Vegan What I could never give up my large chick fil a...

Vegan? What I could never give up my large chick fil a milk shake or 5 guys burger! These thoughts may be floating around in your mind and if you don’t know what vegans means you may just be thinking of stoping at chick~fil~a. Basically a vegan doesnt consume any by product of animals. That includes meat, fish, diary, and poultry. Some take it a step further and don’t by products tested on animals and of course so fur or snake skins. You might think It’s a crazy way to live but once you learn how it reduces pollution, benefits your health, and helps tortured animal you may just become one your self. Being vegan also also reduces pollution in many ways. Having a vegan lifestyle will reduce the methane/ nitrous oxide. This†¦show more content†¦Now you may think well wont the lack of protein hurt my health? No it will not because you will get enough. Protein is extremely high in spinach which is great in smoothies and beans which taste amazing wrapped in lettuce. Actually studies have revealed that too much protein is very harmful for your health because it can strain you kidneys or cling as far.(Blumberg). One study that really impresses me is the one done one men with early stage prostate cancer who adapt a vegan diet may stop or even reverse the progression of the cancer. Another thing you may be wondering about is calcium. How will my bones stay strong if I dont drink my milk. They ways to get your calcium is extremely easy and delicious. Almond milk has fifty percent more calcium then milk does and a cup only has 30 calories! The public is put in the dark about the truth behind factory farming. We have images of large fields with cows grazing, pigs rolling around in mud, and chickens roam around. They have truly taking advantage of the peoples trust in labels such as â€Å"humane† and â€Å"free range†. Lets talk milk, if you take a second to think of the process to produce the amount of milk in demand. More than 9.3 million cows were used to produce milk in the united states alone. Thats 9.3 million moms being essentially raped and then after giving birth having their babyShow MoreRelatedDescription Of A Vegetarian On The Vegan Zone Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesTOPIC: Veganism TITLE: Life in the Vegan Zone GENERAL PURPOSE: To inform SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To inform my audience about what it means to be a vegan THESIS: To inform my audience that veganism cannot be simply distinguished through one single characterization, it is a dietary choice, a belief, a compassion that is a catalyst for one’s self, animals and even the environment. I. INTRODUCTION i. A vegan in the U.S. saves 198 animals per year from cruelty, however, that is a very small number comparedRead MoreIs It A Vegan?1460 Words   |  6 Pagesand became a vegan. Slowly but surely, my body healed itself from the inside-out. If one was to ask me about becoming vegan before I knew what benefits it would provide, I would have laughed. I would have told that vegan that I just couldn’t give up my beloved meat, dairy, and eggs but ultimately, I did just that. The transition to Veganism became easier when I accepted the truth of the matter. All of the research I did on the lifestyle led me to the conclusion that becoming a vegan would only benefitRead MoreThe On The Vegan Society1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vegan Society may have come into the picture 70 years ago, consequently veganism has been around much longer. There is evidence that dates as far as 2,000 years of people choosing to avoid animal products. Veganism is an extreme form of vegetarianism, and thoug h the term was brought to life in 1944, the concept of animal free eating can be traced back to ancient Indian and eastern Mediterranean societies. Researcher have looked back as early as 500 BCE, the Greek philosopher and mathematicianRead MoreBecoming a Vegan1732 Words   |  7 Pages Becoming vegan is a personal lifestyle decision whom many people have influenced as their preferred nutritional intake and can be due to many reasons including long-term health benefits, environmental awareness, ethical concerns and religious beliefs. Many vegans are in fact health conscious and understand the benefits of following such eating patterns. The Vegan diet can be defined as the exclusion of all animal derived foods including meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products from consumptionRead MoreWhy Should Be A Vegan1097 Words   |  5 Pages Why to Become a Vegan A vegan is a person who chooses not to consume any animal byproducts, including: flesh foods, dairy, eggs, and any other products made from or tested on animals. Vegetarianism, however, which can commonly be viewed as the same thing, is far from it. Vegetarians chose only to not consume meat, but they continue to eat other animal byproducts. Most vegans believe that â€Å"Being a vegan is definitely more of a lifestyle choice and a philosophy that a diet† (Medical News Today)Read MoreTaking a Look at Veganism629 Words   |  3 Pagescampus-wide event that is used to educate students, alumni, and the general public about sustainable practices that help the environment. During the final Earthstock celebration, exhibitors from many different organizations, such as EmPower Solar and Vegan Outreach, set up tables displaying information regarding healthy lifestyle practices, alternative diets, and sustainable forms of energy. For this event, I was unfortunately assigned the task of helping other student volunteers and exhibitors checkRead MoreThe Key to Being a Vegan533 Words   |  2 Pageskey to a healthy, nutritionally sound vegan diet is variety. A healthy vegan diet consists of fruits, vegetables, leafy greens, nuts, whole grains, seeds, and legumes (vrg.org). By excluding animal bi-products, vegans also exclude the unhealthy levels of cholesterol and saturated fats that come with them (veganurbanite.com). Vegans are able to reach all the necessary nutritional requirements for a healthy body. One of the most widely asked questions to vegans is â€Å"Where do you get your protein?†Read MoreLifestyles : Vegan And Omnivore Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesLifestyles: Vegan and Omnivore As different crazes and fads are appearing each day, we have come to expect them to simply fade away as the hype passes. However, veganism has stood the test of time in our fad society and is still increasing in popularity. Originally only thought to be a religious lifestyle, many people from different walks of life are becoming vegans. However, this poses many questions and sparks heated debates, mainly from omnivorous people who believe that veganism is againstRead MoreThe Ethics Of A Vegan Diet2702 Words   |  11 Pagesfirst things that come to a person mind when they hear the word, â€Å"vegan’, are usually protest for animal rights, salads, and a lack of protein, but the question is does he/she really know what being a vegan is all about? Veganism is the practice of abstaining away from the use of any product that uses animals, commonly associated with the cruel treatment of animals and make up thirty-one percent of the population worldwide. An ethical vegan is a form of veganism were a person does not use any productRead MoreVegan Food Presentation1944 Words   |  8 Pagesdecrease during demonstration. However, the last minutes of presentation, even question-answer part, I observed that I was still in the same level of excitement. So I believe that even though some of my classmates may not be interested in preparing vegan sushi, my passion help me to invoke sympathy from my audience. Unlike the persuasive speech, the demonstrational presentation topic must appeal the audience attention because its purpose is to teach a structure, or steps, of a task. For instance, one

Racial Identity in The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man...

Slavery was abolished after the Civil War, but the Negro race still was not accepted as equals into American society. To attain a better understanding of the events and struggles faced during this period, one must take a look at its literature. James Weldon Johnson does an excellent job of vividly depicting an accurate portrait of the adversities faced before the Civil Rights Movement by the black community in his novel â€Å"The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.† One does not only read this book, but instead one takes a journey alongside a burdened mulatto man as he struggles to claim one race as his own. In Johnsons novel, the young mulatto boy is at first completely unaware of his unique circumstance, and lives life comfortably and†¦show more content†¦It is after this realization that one begins to see the young boy struggle with his racial identity. As time continues, the boy struggles with what to make of himself and his future. His musical aspirations begin to hold more weight in his decisions, but are still rather questionable. Whenever he seems to be making the steps to pave his future, he seems to continuously be redirected from his intended path. His inability to fully strive for a profession can be directly related to his inability to choose how he wants to be viewed, or rather who he wants to be viewed as, by society; he lacks the confidence to potentially make the â€Å"wrong decision.† The narrator becomes increasingly likely to make a career of music, and is greatly inspired by spirituals he hears at a church service. As he leaves to â€Å"settle down to work† (Johnson 133) , he witnesses a gruesome and cruel scene. A black man was to be hanged in town, but instead a white mob burns the black man alive. The narrator is terrified and scarred, committing to live his life as a white man. Shame is what the young boy now feels, for whether he lives as a white man, he is indeed a black man. Shame is responsible for the choice he made, because he wished not to be â€Å"identified with a people that could with impunity be treated worse than animals (Johnson 139). There is not one singleShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography Of An Former Colored Man Essay2265 Words   |  10 Pages Identity communicates a strong characteristic that cannot naturally be expressed in terms of a social category. Social and personal identity enable the formation of an individual, reflecting the idea that social categories are assured with the bases of an individual’s self esteem. â€Å"Race and racial identity are identifiable as a social constriction culture† (Little and McGivern, 328). However, issuing social categories based on race or ethnicity links to biased regulations and practices. Johnson’sRead MorePassing in James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man1105 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1912, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man was anonymously published by James Weldon Johnson. It is the narrative of a light-skinned man wedged between two racial categories; the offspring of a white father and a black mother, The Ex-Colored man is visibly white but legally classified as black. Wedged between these two racial categories, the man c hooses to â€Å"pass† to the white society. In Passing: When People Can’t Be Who They Are, Brooke Kroeger describes â€Å"passing† as an act when â€Å"people effectivelyRead MoreAmerican Architecture : Constructing An Identity1434 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Architecture: Constructing an Identity Throughout American history, people have been categorized based on what gender they are, and what their race is. In order to explore these ideas and come to terms with their importances many musicians, film makers, and authors have described the inner-workings of this societal construct. Indeed, both racial and female identities have been at the epicenter of many works of art throughout American culture as can be seen in: Maggie: A Girl of the StreetsRead MoreThe narrator of The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man was born to a â€Å"colored† mother and white1200 Words   |  5 Pagesof The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man was born to a â€Å"colored† mother and white father. This combination of his identity led him to encounter many internal and external challenges. Physically he appeared white, so he experienced being able to â€Å"pass† as both â€Å"colored† or white whenever he wished. Being able do such a thing, the narrator struggled with racial boundaries. He embodied almost every permutation, intentional or unintentional, of the experience when encountering various racial (whiteRead MoreThe Autobiography of the Ex-Colored Man: The Ability to Pass Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pages The Autobiography of the Ex-Colored Man: The Ability to Pass The Autobiography of An Ex-Colored Man depicts the narrator as a liminal character. Beginning with an oblivious knowledge of race as a child, and which racial group he belonged, to his well knowing of â€Å"white† and â€Å"black† and the ability to pass as both. On the account of liminality, the narrator is presenting himself as an outsider. Because he is both a â€Å"white† and â€Å"black† male, he does not fit in with either racial group. In the autobiographyRead MoreRacial Segregation And Jim Crow Essay2143 Words   |  9 PagesMemory and Identity in Black America since 1940†). The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man takes place during the Jim Crow era displaying the challenges and obstacles African Americans faced during this time. â€Å"Johnson devotes much of his attention to the black middle and upper classes, their constant struggles to hang onto their respective social standing, and their almost obsessive need to perform rituals of prope r behavior and decorum† (Holloway, â€Å"Jim Crow Wisdom: Memory and Identity in Black AmericaRead MoreJames Weldon Johnson s The Autobiography Of An Former Colored Man And Nella Larsen s Passing3489 Words   |  14 PagesThe Theme of Passing, Racial Prejudice and Internalized Racism in James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man and Nella Larsen’s Passing The concept of racial passing refers to the occurrence in which an individual is able to transcend racial boundaries. During the Harlem Renaissance, the term â€Å"passing† meant to signify mixed race individuals who were light skinned enough to pass as white and mingle freely within white society, almost completely undetected. This was significantRead MoreThe Autobiography Of An Former Colored Man By James Weldon Johnson Essay2267 Words   |  10 PagesThe Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, James Weldon Johnson James Weldon Johnson’s novel The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man was first published in 1912. This novel is one of the highly celebrated works during the Harlem Renaissance although it was published prior in 1912. Johnson graduated from Clark Atlanta University in 1894. He was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt as United States consul to Venezuela and Nicaragua. He also was highly involved in the Harlem Renaissance with hisRead MoreAutobiography Of An Ex Colored Man Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Autobiography of an Ex-Colored, Still-Clueless Man The narrator of The Autobiography grows up his whole life thinking that he is white. It is not until one fateful day in school where a teacher indirectly tells him that he is black that he finds out. This revelation, which he himself describes as â€Å"a sword-thrust† (Johnson 13), suggests a transformation, a great change, a development in the Ex-Colored Man’s racial consciousness in the future. However, as M. Giulia Fabi says, â€Å"[The ECM’s] proclaimedRead MoreThe Identity Of African Americans1758 Words   |  8 PagesRace was a primary factor used to shape the identity of African Americans which was seen through their culture. Race is portrayed through the narratives such as The life of Frederick Douglas by Frederick Douglass and the Autobiography of an Ex-colored man by James Weldon Johnson. In both the narratives, they state they are slaves due their race. First, this idea is supported in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass when he states in the preface, â€Å"he was a slave â€Å"too (Douglass 325).

Principles of International Taxation Law

Question: Discuss about the Principles of International Taxation Law. Answer: Introduction: Income, which is subjected to tax, is known as assessable income. A hobby is understood as the pastime or leisure activity conducted by an individual during their spare time based on recreational purpose or for pleasure. It is noteworthy to denote that the differences between a hobby and a business should be understood for tax (Long, Campbell and Kelshaw 2016). There are some key elements to be taken into the consideration such as; Has the activity being undertaken for commercial purpose, Is the original intention or objective is to make profit, Has the activity been regularly and on repeated basis undertaken, Has the activity been planned and organised in such a way that it constitute business From the above stated case study it is evident that Michael is a practicing surgeon which he considers to be stressful occupation. In order to keep himself stress free Michael undertook an interest in gardening upon his 1-hectare land. He underwent numerous courses in designing flower arranging and regularly sold flowers to his friends for flower arrangements for wedding, funerals and special occasions (Woellner et al. 2016). He generates $8000 from such hobby and alongside practices his profession of surgeon. The activities of Michael do not constitute a full time business since he engages himself in gardening activities in order to release his stress. Amount received from sale of flower does not constitute assessable income and can be classified as hobby. Michael determines his activity as a hobby and he is not subjected to any additional tax or any sort of reporting obligations (King 2016). Since Michael engages himself in such activities, which constitutes as hobby his clients, may request him to provide an ABN while making payment for the supply of flowers or any services made to business. It is noteworthy to denote that Michael does not have an ABN and his activity of selling flower is purely considered as hobby. Michael should use the Statement by a supplier form, as this will help him in avoiding the business, which he is supplying to withhold the amount from their payment to Michael. The practice adopted by Michael does not bear any resemblance to his profession of being surgeon. It is worth mentioning that Michael hobby does not constitute business and therefore he is not entitled to an ABN. Hence, Michael should provide the evidence that his activity constitute hobby or else the payer may withhold 49% of his payment (Edmonds, Holle and Hartanti 2015). Generally, during the computation of assessable income of any business, one is required to include an amount, which an individual receives, or earn during the ordinary course of running ones business (Jones and Rhoades 2013). This may consist of selling trading stock or rendering services. In usual circumstances, an individual is required to include any of the following amounts such as; Any amounts received from isolated transactions outside the ordinary course of business, if one is intended to make profit Amounts over the written down value at the time of selling any kind of depreciation items Compensation received such as workers compensation or any kind of payments received for trading stock losses, business interruptions or cancellation of agreement. Amount received as incentive payments such as cash payment for leasing of business premises Interest earned on any kind of business investments and interest towards overpayment or early payment of tax (Christie 2015). There are also incomes, which are not assessable and are excluded from assessable income. These includes; Amounts which is earned from hobby Gifts or amount which is bequeathed to an individual Prize received which does not forms the part of business Wins from betting or gabling, unless an individual is operating a betting or gambling business Any borrowed sum of money To conclude with, Michael earnings from his hobby of selling flowers does not constitute an assessable income and hence it should be excluded while computing taxable returns (Kenny 2013). Defamation can be defined as the slander consisting of use of words and statements, which creates a negative impact on the reputation of another person. In the current case study, it is found that Peter who is a well-known financial advisor sued Global news for defamation for issuing a statement against him being indulged in fraudulent investment scheme. The statement made against Peter was fallacious and resulted in personal injury to his reputation for which he was awarded $100,000 damages. Hence, the amount received on compensation damages from Global News is not assessable. Awards or settlement received from cases involving defamation is not taxable (Miller and Oats 2016). Thus, this represents that an individual is not required to disclose his compensation or damages received arising out of personal injury. Global News act of defamation constituted personal injury to Peter since this involve attack on his personal reputation. In general practice a person may be able to recover d amages arising out of defamation and slender. Thus, to collect such damages by the plaintiff, it should be proven in the court of law that the statement of slender is false which in this case Peter has rightly done. As stated under the FCT v Sydney Refractory Surgery Centre Pty Ltd [2008] FCAFC 190 the federal court of Australia turned down the appeal for treatment of tax for defamation damages awarded to a corporate taxpayer (Woellner et al. 2016). The company received a compensatory damages of $812,000 on account of defamatory damages. It was found that the commissioner wanted treat the amount in the form of income because the damages had been computed on lost profits and were to mend the hole in the profits of the corporation. It was held by the court that the treatment of tax concerning the payment should be determined concerning the cause of action in respect to compensation received. An organisations trade status was parallel to goodwill and was in the form of capital asset (Edmonds, Holle and Hartanti 2015). It was learnt that injury diminished the reputation of company along with the ability to attract customers to business. Irrespective of the nature, they were measured, any claims aris ing out of business defamation damages or injury hampering the reputation of business is considered as capital claim. Hence, according to the ordinary concepts such claims are not taxable in the form of income. The study also lays down that if an individual uses their settlement amount or damages award to earn profits after receiving it, then under such circumstances one is required to declare such income in their tax return. Thus, any sort of income made from claim amount is considered for taxation purpose (Kenny 2013). For instance, an individual on receiving the compensation payment after the conclusion of their personal injury claims uses that settlement amount to start up his own business than any such income earned would be taxable. Thus, the individual is required to declare such income in his taxation return. According to the common law, defamation and slender are considered to be the part of personal injury law as they causes damage to someones character. A person being the victim of defamation or slender may bring an action in the court of law against the guilty party (King 2016). Thus, under the current study of Peter it was found that the plaintiff suffered an injury and proved in the court of law that there was damage on his reputation or his character. The amount received for compensation damages by Peter will not constitute assessable income as no compensation and damages settlement payment or award is not considered for taxation purpose. Regardless of how such income is measured, a claim arising out of defamation damages based on injury to an individuals reputation is not assessable as income for Peter (Gullifer and Payne 2015). Post employment restraint clauses or restrictive covenants are largely used by the Australian employers so that they can protect their business interest. Such kind of trends is usually followed in employment, which are contractual in nature for professional, senior, or administrative employees. A distinctive restraint clause creates boundaries on the employee restricting the employee in any capacity as a competitor for a particular phase after leaving the employers business (Austlii.edu.au 2016). This is done so to solicit their ex-employer customers, staff and clients to not use their employers confidential trade secrets. Under the current case study it is found that Mable entered into the agreement with Excelsior for $70,000 to restrict her from setting up the business which otherwise creates competition against employer. Such kind of clauses operates in the form of Common law of doctrine consisting of restraint of trade. This represents that a restraint clause should be directed a t protecting specific interest of the employer in the form of trade secrets or business goodwill (Austlii.edu.au 2016). Thus, the court would not uphold the restraint clause restricting the competition, which unduly creates an interference with an employee,s right to sell his or her own labour. It is worth mentioning that if a restrictive covenant is related both with the existing stage of service and phase following the end of the service, the extent of the consideration received relates to the time of service is assessable under subsection 25 (1) (Ato.gov.au. 2016). As stated under the subsection 160 M (7) such section would fall either under old subsection or the new sub section 160 (m). This depends on whether the restrictive covenant was entered into before 26 June 1992 or after the period. Hence, it is assumed that the amount received by Mabel represents that there is an active asset during the phase of the entering into the covenant (Austlii.edu.au 2016). The agreement significantly lays down that the business secrets, trade relations or value of goodwill would not be shared by not setting up the business of or otherwise of similar in nature. Sub section 160 ZA (4) would be applicable in order to trim down any kind of capital gain to such an amount that the sum was c omputable in the form of ordinary income. The segment of such consideration for Mable is associated with the stage following the end of the employment will be considered for assessment under the new sub section of 160 M (6). Thus, it should be noted that neither old sub section 160 M (6) nor the old sub section 160 M (7) is applicable to that portion of the consideration entered into by Mable (Ato.gov.au. 2016). Payment received by Mabel in consideration of the restrictive covenant is considered as restrictions on her future income-earning ability and it is received in large amount, generally constituting of capital in nature and not income (Levi, Segal and Segal 2015). An amount received in the form of reimbursement for the cessation of termination or surrender of rights under the agreement or service or surrendering any pensionable rights is usually considered as capital and not ordinary income. Furthermore, it is noteworthy to denote that if an amount is paid on termination of service in consequences of the taxpayers employment it will be considered as taxable under the special rules which applicable to employment termination payments (Ato.gov.au. 2016). Mabel entered into a restrictive covenant with his employer Excelsior in the form of agreement that he will not do any kind of things, which in any way or otherwise interferes with the business of the employer for a certain period after leaving the old place of work. Such agreements entered by Mable are usually connected with the business for not taking away clients, customer or staff from Excelsior. Payments received by Mable on agreeing to enter into the restrictive covenants are considered as earnings and hence they are liable to be taxable (Ato.gov.au. 2016). This is because the extent of such consideration is associated with the stage following the end of the employment and hence it is assessable under the new subsection 160 M (6). Reference List: Ato.gov.au. (2016).Income you must declare. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/Income-you-must-declare/ [Accessed 31 Dec. 2016]. Austlii.edu.au. (2016).Sadiq, Kerrie --- "Judicial and Legislative Considerations in the Taxation of Compensation Receipts: An International Comparison" [2001] JlATax 4; (2001) 4(1) Journal of Australian Taxation 98. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlATax/2001/4.html [Accessed 31 Dec. 2016]. Christie, M., 2015. Principles of Taxation Law 2015. Edmonds, M., Holle, C. and Hartanti, W., 2015. Alternative assets insights: Super funds-tax impediments to going global.Taxation in Australia,49(7), p.413. Gullifer, L. and Payne, J., 2015.Corporate finance law: principles and policy. Bloomsbury Publishing. Jha, K., 2013. Taxation Law. 2013, BA, LL. B-2009 LL. B-2011. Jones, S. and Rhoades-Catanach, S., 2013.Principles of Taxation for Business and Investment Planning, 2014 edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kenny, P.L., 2013. Aligning Income Tax Laws with Accounting Rules: A Simplified Tax System Case Study.Available at SSRN 2340888. King, A., 2016. Mid market focus: The new attribution tax regime for MITs: Part 2.Taxation in Australia,51(1), p.12. Law.ato.gov.au. (2016).TR 94/D33 (Finalised) - Income tax: capital gains: application of subsections 160M(6) and 160M(7) to restrictive covenants and trade ties (As at 4 August 1994). [online] Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=DTR/TR94D33/NAT/ATO/00001 [Accessed 31 Dec. 2016]. Levi, S., Segal, B. and Segal, D., 2015. Do fiduciary duties to creditors reduce debt-covenant avoidance?. Long, B., Campbell, J. and Kelshaw, C., 2016. The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), p.94. Miller, A. and Oats, L., 2016.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Platikanova, P., 2015. Debt Maturity and Tax Avoidance.European Accounting Review, pp.1-28. Santhanam, R., 2016. 51_Salaries and Income-Tax. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press.

Use And Origin Of Ricin Biology Essay Example For Students

Use And Origin Of Ricin Biology Essay Ricin is a protein extracted from the seeds of the cas ­tor bean works ( Ricinus communis ) . Ricin is a lectin and a member of a group of ribosome-inactivat ­ing proteins like abrin ( from the seeds of the rosary pea, Abrus precatorius ) , that prevent synthesis of protein in eucaryotic ribosomes. Ricin is one of the most toxic substances and as such was one time known to be a chemical arm ( Agent W ) but is now capable to the Chemical Weapons Convention. However, ricin has been used as a toxicant for condemnable and terrorist intents. We will write a custom essay on Use And Origin Of Ricin Biology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ricin is an highly toxic toxicant, and therefore can kill even if applied in a little sum. Therefore, the debut of rapid, extremely sensitive chemical and biological/immunological analytical methods capable of observing the toxin at or below ng/ml degree is of critical importance ( see, for illustration, Kalb and Barr, 2009 ; Lubelli et al. , 2006 ; Uzawa et al. , 2008 ) . In instances where Castor beans or petroleum ricin readyings are the perchance unsafe toxicants, ricinine can besides function as a biomarker ( see, for illustration, Mouser et al. , 2007 ) . The chemical is peculiarly lifelessly because it can be inhaled, ingested, or swallowed and is rapidly broken down in the organic structure and is virtually undetectable. There is presently no counterpoison to ricin, although a prospective vaccinum has been developed that has been successfully tested in mice. Ricin is a powerful protein cytotoxin derived from the beans of the Castor works. Castor beans are ubiquitous worldwide, and the toxin is reasonably easy to pull out ; hence, ricin is widely available. Ricin s significance as a possible BW toxin relates in portion to its broad handiness. Outline1 HOW IT IS OBTAINED2 B. DESCRIPTION OF THE AGENT3 Identity and Physicochemical Properties4 Stability5 Use6 Mode of action7 Toxicity8 Toxicity to Laboratory Animals9 Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Ricin10 Speciess, sex11 Path HOW IT IS OBTAINED Ricin toxin, found in the bean of the Castor works, Ricinis communis, is one of the most toxic and easy produced works toxins. The bush like cosmetic Castor works, Ricinus communis ( Euphorbiaceae ) , originated in Africa and Asia, and has been cultivated and distributed throughout the universe. The one-year production of Castor oil seed exceeds over 1 million metric metric tons ( Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2009 ) . Ricin is a by-product of Castor oil production: when Castor beans are crushed, they form a mush from which Castor oil is extracted, and ricin is what remains. The waste mash from this procedure is 3-5 % ricin by weight. The seeds of the works have three chief components: oil, Castor oil, which is the acylglycerol of ricinoleic acid ; a mildly toxic alkaloid ricinine and several isoforms of a extremely toxicant glycoprotein ricin present up to 5 % in the seeds. Although adaptable to a broad temperature scope, it fails to defy to subfreezing temperatures and withstand best in elevated year-around temperatures. Brazil, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Haiti, India, and Thailand are the states which commercially cultivate most of the seeds. Castor oil is found in many normally used substances such as pigments, varnishes, and lubricating oils, and is besides used as a cathartic. After oil isolation, the staying seed bar may be detoxified by heat intervention and used as an carnal provender addendum. The seed hulls are similar to barnyard manure in their fertiliser value. The toxicity of Castor beans has been known since antediluvian times and more than 750 instances of poisoning in worlds have been described. Although ricin s deadly toxicity is about 1,000-fold less than that of botulinus toxin, ricin may hold significance as a biological arm because of its heat stableness and world-wide handiness, in monolithic measures, as a byproduct of Castor oil product ion. .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 , .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .postImageUrl , .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 , .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981:hover , .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981:visited , .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981:active { border:0!important; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981:active , .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981 .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04c99fb43adfa81d4afd52ac19eb6981:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet/new ending EssayB. DESCRIPTION OF THE AGENT Identity and Physicochemical Properties Ricin is a 66-kilodalton ( kd ) globular protein that makes up 1 % to 5 % by weight of the bean of the Castor works, Ricinis communis. The CAS Registry Number of ricin is . In a pure province, ricin is a white crystalline pulverization. It is a water-soluble glycoprotein dwelling of two polypeptides, termed A and B ironss, which are linked by a disulfide bond ( ASSB ) . The amino acerb sequence of ricin ( or ricin D as the toxic fraction from the beans is called ) was resolute by Funatsu et Al. ( 1978, 1979 ) . The A concatenation contains 265 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 32 kDa ; its sugar content is 2.6 % . The isoelectric point of the A concatenation is 7.34. The B concatenation of 260 aminic acids and four internal disulfide bonds has a molecular weight of 34 kDa and its sugar content is 6.4 % . The A concatenation has enzymatic belongingss ( ribosomal RNA N-glycosidase, EC 3.2.2.22 ) responsible for the toxicity of ricin, while the B concatenation is a lectin binding to galactose-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of mark cell constituents. The usage of X-ray crystallography surveies was used to work out the 3-dimensional construction of ricin ( reviewed by Lord et al. , 1994 ) . The physicochemical and photochemical belongingss of ricin have late been assessed ( Gaigalas et al. , 2007 ) . Stability Because the husk left over from Castor oil processing can be used to feed cowss, a great trade of attempt was dedicated to its detoxification ( Balint, 1974 ; European Food Safety Authority, 2008 ) . High-temperature denaturing ( A ; gt ; 80 A ; deg ; C for 1 H ) and chemical methods ( oxidization with K permanganate, H peroxide, I, etc. ) were put frontward to destruct the toxin ( see, for illustration, Barnes et al. , 2009 ) . In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, which reduces the disulfide bond fall ining the A and B ironss, the toxicity of ricin is lost ; remotion of 2-mercaptoethanol, nevertheless, allows the reconstitution and reactivation of the toxin. Ricin is degraded by papain but merely easy by trypsin. The destiny of ricin in the organic structure is incompletely understood. Use The toxin-rich husk by-product of Castor oil industry has been used to kill mice and moles. Conjugate solutions of ricin and cell-specific antibodies are experimental antineoplastic immunochemotherapeutic agents ( Sandvig and new wave Deurs, 2005 ; Stirpe et al. , 1992 ) . Recently, transgenic rice and maize engineered to bring forth a merger protein consisting the Cry1Ac endotoxin of Bt and the ricin B lectin fractional monetary unit have proved to be insecticidal to insects that are otherwise able to digest Cry toxins ( Mehlo et al. , 2005 ) . Mode of action Once it was thought that the toxic action of ricin readyings in mammals is due to its haemagglutinating consequence, but this activity was shown to be associated with the structurally similar, but atoxic agglutinins present in the Castor bean. It is now good established that ricin inhibits protein synthesis in eucaryotic systems by catalytically demobilizing the 60S fractional monetary unit involved in the interlingual rendition procedure. The structural facets of biochemical interaction of ricin and other ribosome-inactivating protein ( RIP ) toxins from workss and Fungis were wholly assessed ( Kozlov et al. , 2006 ; Stirpe and Battelli, 2006 ) . Briefly, the B concatenation binds to galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids in eucaryotic cells. The binding to come up receptors can be inhibited by brain sugar or lactose in vitro. It appears that both ironss facilitate the incursion by endocytosis of the toxin into the cell. The B concatenation, nevertheless, aids the toxin in translocating to endosomal marks every bit good. Once in the cytosol, the A concatenation cleaves a individual A base from the 28S ribosomal ( Ribonucleic acid ) RNA within the 60S ribosomal fractional monetary unit, rendering it unable to adhere the elongation factor 2 which accordingly leads to an apprehension of protein synthesis. A individual A concatenation molecule can demobilize 1500 ribosomes per minute and kill the cell. In add-on to suppressing protein synthesis, ricin was shown to arouse programmed cell death, cause oxidative emphasis, release proinflammatory cytokines, modify cell membrane construction and map, and impair atomic DNA ( reviewed by Stirpe and Battelli, 2006 ) . Lipase activity of ricin was besides clearly shown ( Morlon-Guyot et al. , 2003 ) . .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff , .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .postImageUrl , .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff , .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff:hover , .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff:visited , .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff:active { border:0!important; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff:active , .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u22ee79deb39827348a5e427512cef0ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Conflict theory1 EssayToxicity Toxicity to Laboratory Animals Although the manner of action of ricin at the molecular degree is known, the mechanisms responsible for the clinical and deadly effects of the toxin are still inadequately understood. Representative carnal toxicity informations for ricin administered by different paths are shown in Table 1. The fluctuations in the acute toxicity values reported in the literature are chiefly due to mixture of the readyings used in the trials ( reviewed by Balint, 1974 ) . The symptoms of ricin poisoning manifest easy, normally 12 hour after disposal, and include instead sudden effusions of paroxysms and opisthotonos, followed by palsy of the respiratory centre, finally taking to decease. Causeless toxic condition is normally due to consumption of Castor beans ( for recent illustrations, see Aslani et al. , 2007 ; Soto-Blanco et al. , 2002 ) . Laboratory trials with seeds showed biddy to be the most immune species ( the lethal dosage was 14 g/kg ) ; sheep and Equus caballus were more sensitive ( deadly doses were 1.25 and 0.10 g/kg, severally ) . The toxin is pyrogenous in mammals ( Balint, 1993 ) . In the serum of animate beings treated with ricin, antibodies specific to ricin hold repeatedly been detected ( see, for illustration, Griffiths et al. , 2007 ) . Ricin is extremely toxic upon injection and inspiration. Using transmittal negatron microscopy, Brown and White ( 1997 ) ( see besides Griffiths et al. , 1995b, 2007 ) examined the histopathological alterations in the lungs of rats upon ricin inspiration. The animate beings were exposed to an LCt30 ( the concentration in air that killed 30 % of the open animate beings ) of 11.21 mg/min/m3 dosage of the toxin. Necrotic alterations were evident in the capillary endothelium and type I epithelial cells, accompanied by intraalveolar hydrops 12-15 H after exposure. Table 1. Acute Toxicity of Ricin Speciess, sex Path LD50 ( ?g/kg ) Minimal lethal dosage ( ?g/kg )

Free Essays on King Vs. Socrates

The relationship between Socrates and Martin Luther King The similarities between Martin Luther King and Socrates are so close that it’s hard to imagine that either could have come up with their ideas alone. I believe as King quoted Socrates with, â€Å"†¦it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal†¦ to the majestic heights of understanding,† King stemmed his beliefs and strong arguments from ideas of fellow extremists. When reading King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail the first thing that came to mind was how closely related Socrates and King’s argument are about â€Å"the willingness of accepting the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice,† as quoted by King. Is not the above quote what was the whole basis of Socrates argument in Plato’s Crito? Of course it was, the whole reason King couldn’t decide to escape from jail is because, â€Å"I would rather die having spoken after my manner than speak in your manner and live.† Socrates explains that â€Å"it is not possible that a bad man should injure someone better than himself.† While King says something of similar meaning with, â€Å"they have gone with the faith that right defeated is stronger than evil triumphant.† Socrates speaks of living a life in jail for what he believes of expanding the minds of Athenians to treasure â€Å" the improvemen t of the soul† while King’s beliefs reflect the same idea with, â€Å"the willingness to go to jail for conscience’s sake.† Would Socrates agree with King’s arguments? Without a doubt I would say Socrates would definitely understand King’s points and completely understand the need for direct and strong measures taken to stand for what the African Americans believe they needed to do for a â€Å"just cause.†... Free Essays on King Vs. Socrates Free Essays on King Vs. Socrates The relationship between Socrates and Martin Luther King The similarities between Martin Luther King and Socrates are so close that it’s hard to imagine that either could have come up with their ideas alone. I believe as King quoted Socrates with, â€Å"†¦it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal†¦ to the majestic heights of understanding,† King stemmed his beliefs and strong arguments from ideas of fellow extremists. When reading King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail the first thing that came to mind was how closely related Socrates and King’s argument are about â€Å"the willingness of accepting the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice,† as quoted by King. Is not the above quote what was the whole basis of Socrates argument in Plato’s Crito? Of course it was, the whole reason King couldn’t decide to escape from jail is because, â€Å"I would rather die having spoken after my manner than speak in your manner and live.† Socrates explains that â€Å"it is not possible that a bad man should injure someone better than himself.† While King says something of similar meaning with, â€Å"they have gone with the faith that right defeated is stronger than evil triumphant.† Socrates speaks of living a life in jail for what he believes of expanding the minds of Athenians to treasure â€Å" the improvemen t of the soul† while King’s beliefs reflect the same idea with, â€Å"the willingness to go to jail for conscience’s sake.† Would Socrates agree with King’s arguments? Without a doubt I would say Socrates would definitely understand King’s points and completely understand the need for direct and strong measures taken to stand for what the African Americans believe they needed to do for a â€Å"just cause.†...

Free Essays on Joeseph And His Brothers

Joseph and his brothers Before the birth of this people, there is still a fourth and last cycle of the era of the patriarchs, which begins with the more or less peaceful events Isaac and his son Jacob lived (Genesis 20-35), the father of the twelve patriarchs of Israel. He is also the father of Joseph, who holds a special role among the patriarchs. He was Jacob’’s most loved son because he was born after a long sterility from his real woman, Rachel, whom Jacob preferred to his other wives (Genesis 29:16-30:22; 37:3). This was why his brothers hated him deeply (Genesis 37:4). When he once told them a dream, according to which he will become a preferential man and considered by them, they detested him even more (Genesis 37:5-11) and decided to get rid of him as soon as an opportunity would appear. They finally sold him to passing Ishmaelites, who took him away to Egypt (Genesis 37:18-28). In this country, the Lord made him succeed in all that he undertook (Genesis 39:1-6). One day he correctly interpreted a dream of Pharaoh, according to which seven years of large abundance and seven of famine will arrive. This is why Pharaoh gave him a large authority over the Egyptian kingdom (Genesis 41:1-49)2. During the seven years of abundance, Joseph stored up grain "like the sand on the seashore" in view of the seven future thin years (Genesis 41:47-49). When the latter arrived, he opened stores and all the population of the country came to him to buy corn (Genesis 41:53-57). However, the famine raged not only in Egypt but also in the entire region and thereby also in the country where his father and his brothers lived, who therefore also one day came to Egypt to buy corn from him (Genesis 42-44). Thus the dreams of Joseph were fulfilled, according to which his family will one day prostrate itself before him. Hence the phases are manifest: it is the rejection of Joseph by his brothers, the phase of sin, that entails the usual judgement, t... Free Essays on Joeseph And His Brothers Free Essays on Joeseph And His Brothers Joseph and his brothers Before the birth of this people, there is still a fourth and last cycle of the era of the patriarchs, which begins with the more or less peaceful events Isaac and his son Jacob lived (Genesis 20-35), the father of the twelve patriarchs of Israel. He is also the father of Joseph, who holds a special role among the patriarchs. He was Jacob’’s most loved son because he was born after a long sterility from his real woman, Rachel, whom Jacob preferred to his other wives (Genesis 29:16-30:22; 37:3). This was why his brothers hated him deeply (Genesis 37:4). When he once told them a dream, according to which he will become a preferential man and considered by them, they detested him even more (Genesis 37:5-11) and decided to get rid of him as soon as an opportunity would appear. They finally sold him to passing Ishmaelites, who took him away to Egypt (Genesis 37:18-28). In this country, the Lord made him succeed in all that he undertook (Genesis 39:1-6). One day he correctly interpreted a dream of Pharaoh, according to which seven years of large abundance and seven of famine will arrive. This is why Pharaoh gave him a large authority over the Egyptian kingdom (Genesis 41:1-49)2. During the seven years of abundance, Joseph stored up grain "like the sand on the seashore" in view of the seven future thin years (Genesis 41:47-49). When the latter arrived, he opened stores and all the population of the country came to him to buy corn (Genesis 41:53-57). However, the famine raged not only in Egypt but also in the entire region and thereby also in the country where his father and his brothers lived, who therefore also one day came to Egypt to buy corn from him (Genesis 42-44). Thus the dreams of Joseph were fulfilled, according to which his family will one day prostrate itself before him. Hence the phases are manifest: it is the rejection of Joseph by his brothers, the phase of sin, that entails the usual judgement, t...

Seeing the Forests for the Trees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seeing the Forests for the Trees - Research Paper Example The Jocassee gorge location is on high elevation. The location significantly affects the rainfall due to the Orographic lift. These happen when an air mass is forced from a low to higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain, this accounts for 2,000 feet (609m).As the air gain altitude, it expands and cools raising the relative humidity to 100% hence creating clouds and frequent precipitation. The forest has more than 60 species of rare and endemic plants good for botanist. The forest also has five streams flowing through gorges state park; these streams supply water to the forest over the ridge escarpment. Jocassee Gorges has 125 plants and animal species and its 12 endangered plant and animal species. This plants includes, Pringles aquatic moss and Carolina star moss, other species includes mountain laurel, rhododendron, white pine, red oak, and hickories. Animal species includes fox, wild boar, wild turkey, black bear, and white-tailed deer, and with the highest population of green salamanders. Forest diseases and pest have been a big problem in different countries globally; threatening the lifespan trees in the forest. There are a number of diseases and pest that affect the development of the healthy plants in the forest. Include threats such as those posed by fungal pathogen, Phytophora Rumorum, as noted by (Evans & Webber, 2002) Forest have major threats of diseases such beech bark disease, Dutch elm disease, dogwood anthracnose, larch canker, butternut canker and others such as chestnut bright. In most cases, different diseases and pest attack on forest may vary between certain weather conditions. A forest act as a habitat to many living organisms, some may be destructive to the forest while others are harmful. The forests provide food to different living organism, but if not controlled, the harmful organism can be dangerous to the forest. Diseases constantly must be controlled, and regularly checked in

Financail Management - Risk and Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financail Management - Risk and Capital - Essay Example Secondly we might have underestimated the growth rate which has a dramatic impact on the price of the stock. The higher the growth rate, the greater the price of the stock will be and it is expected that in the high-tech industry, a company such as IBM holds great expectation and it must have a better growth rate than what we have expected. Therefore by increasing the dividend growth rate and current annual dividend we can get a better estimate from this model. This model underestimates the value of the stock in firms that consistently payout less than they can afford and accumulate cash in process. Changed Market Risk Premium: Required rate of return = 3.40 + 1.64(10) Required Rate of Return = k = 19.8% Constant Growth Model D1= D0 (1+g) D1= 0.80 (1+0.082) = 0.8656 As we have increased the required rate of return, we are assuming a greater risk with the stock which in turn decreases the value of the stock as it can be seen from the above calculations. This also differs drastically f rom the market price due to the reason mentioned above.

Project topics - Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Essay Example for Free

Project topics Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Essay Journal of Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN0976-7916 Research Paper SEPARATION OF OIL AND PECTIN FROM ORANGE PEEL AND STUDY OF EFFECT OF pH OF EXTRACTING MEDIUM ON THE YIELD OF PECTIN Shekhar Pandharipande*a, Harshal Makodeb Address for Correspondence *a- Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Bharat Nagar, Amravati Road, Nagpur,India. b B. Tech student, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Bharat Nagar, Amravati Road, Nagpur, India. ABSTRACT An orange, specifically, the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.)) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. The present work addresses to the development of the part of the process needed for the extraction of value added products like orange oil and pectin from orange peel, which is the waste of orange juice processing industry. The outcome of the present work highlighted that the sweet orange peels are good source of orange oil and pectin and does have the potential to become important raw material for food processing industries. Two methods namely simple distillation leaching have been explored for separation of oil from peels. The remains of cake in this part is further treated for isolation of pectin. It is found from the experimental observations that the peel source, for extraction of pectin, when taken after extracting orange oil through simple distillation gives higher yield than leaching residue. It is concluded that the process in which orange oil is first extracted using technique of simple distillation followed by acid extraction of pectin is most suitable for industrial production for isolation of pectin. These results demonstrate the successful extraction of orange oil and pectin, providing potential benefits for  industrial extraction of pectin from an economic and environmental point of view. KEYWORDS orange peel, pectin extraction, orange essential oil 1.1 INTRODUCTION An orange, specifically, the sweet orange (Citrus  sinensis (L.)) is the most commonly grown tree fruit  in the world. Orange trees are widely cultivated in  tropical and subtropical climates for the sweet fruit,  which is peeled or cut (to avoid the bitter rind) and  eaten whole, or processed to extract orange juice,   also for the fragrant peel. Citrus fruits are at the top  not only in total production, but also in economic  value. The albedo is the main source of pectin. Pectin  includes all the esterified polygalacturonic acids at  different degree of neutralization. In the presence of  saccharine and small quantities of organic acids  (usually citric acid), pectins gelatinized, and this  property is exploited by the agrochemistry and  pharmaceutical industries for pectin isolation. Orange  essential oil is present in small ductless gland  contained in the peel of the orange fruits. The main  constituent of orange peel essential oil is d-limonen e  (present to the extent of at least 90 %), which is the  only hydrocarbon present. The d-limonene is  extracted from orange rinds or solids. The rinds and  pulp are sent to an evaporator and the d-limonene is  steamed out. It is widely known for its pleasant scent  and degreasing properties. d-limonene is currently  being used in many applications such as chlorinated  solvents replacements, hand cleaners and sewage  treatments. The orange processing industry can get a  complete makeover if due importance is given for  separation of useful ingredient from orange peel.  Researchers and Scientists have been working on the  separation of oil and pectin from orange peel and  reporting their findings in journals of repute. A brief  summary includes orange peel: organic waste or  energetic resource(1), Waste to wealth: Industrial raw  materials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange  (Citrus sinensis)(2), method of distilling a volatile  constituent from liquid mixture(3), Optimization of  pectin acid extraction from passion fruit peel  (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa) using response surface  methodology(4), Extraction and Qualitative Assessment of African Sweet Orange Seed Oil(5), JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09 Comparisons between different techniques for waterbased extraction of pectin from orange peels(6) , microwave-assisted Isolation of essential oil of  Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl.: Comparison with  Conventional hydrodistillation(7), Microwave-assisted  extraction of pectin from orange peel(8), microbial  production of pectin from Citrus peel(9), Optimization  of Pectin Extraction from Peel of Dragon Fruit  (Hylocereus polyrhizus)(10), Determining the Yield  and Quality of Pectin from Fresh Peel Pectin  Pomace(11) and Microbial Production of Pectin from  Citrus Peel(12) . The present work (13) explored the possibility of  separation of essential oils and pectin from the  orange peels. Nagpur is major orange producing  centre in the subcontinent and even recognised in the  name of oranges as, Orange city. 1.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present work is divided into following parts: I. Separation of oil from peels. a) Using the method of simple distillation b) Using ethanol as solvent in the method of leaching II. Extraction of pectin from oil peels a) From fresh peels, the leftover b) From dried cake remained after simple distillation and leaching as in part I 1.2.1 Separation of oil from peels: Raw Material: The raw material taken under examination for the extraction of orange oil (d-limonene) and pectin is orange peel. Orange peels are removed from fresh oranges which are procured from local market and which were harvested in the month of December 2011 to January 2012. Methods: Simple distillation is employed for removal of essential oil from orange peel. Dried and fined ground orange peel powder is added with known quantity of water which is simple distilled off for approximately one hour. The solid remains of the residue are dried to obtain the dry cake. The distillate Journal of Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN0976-7916 resulted in to two phases, oil and water. Two phases  are separated and orange oil is obtained. For 350 gm  of orange powder taken, 8 ml of oil and 126.3 gm of  dried cake is obtained. The method of leaching is also explored for removal  of oil from peels. 380 gm of fresh orange peel are extracted with 225 ml of ethanol. After adequate  contacting, two phases, solid and liquid are separated,  198 gm of wet slurry resulted into 150 gm of dry  cake. However oil could not be recovered following  this method. The dried cake obtained is further  treated for separation of pectin in next part of present  work.  1.2.2 Extraction of pectin from orange peels:  The objective of this part of work is extraction and  isolation of pectin from fresh orange peel sample and  the dry cake sample left after extraction of oil using  simple distillation as in part I. The objective includes  the study of the effect of pH of the medium on the  yield of pectin extracted. The process flow chart is as shown in the figure 1. Table no 1: Experimental observations of yield of pectin at different pH Fig no 1: Process flow chart for extraction of pectin from orange peel sample Citric acid in distilled water solutions of desired pH  values 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are prepared. Orange peel samples weighing 10 gm each are dipped in to the  solution and heated at 800C for 10 minutes. After  cooling the solution, it is filtered using cloth filter  and Whatman filter paper under vacuum. Ethanol is  added to the filtered solution to facilitate filtration of  pectin. The solution is filtered using fine filter cloth  or centrifuge at 8000 rpm for 15 min at 100C to  separate jelly pectin which is dried under vacuum at  500C and -100 mmHg gauge for two hours. Dried  pectin is thus obtained. The observations are given in  table no 1.  Yield % of pectin is based on the gram of peel sample taken, and is calculated by formula as given below; Fig no 2: Pectin yield at different pH of extracting medium 1.2.2.1: Comparison of yield of pectin from the dry cake residue left after simple distillation and leaching: Same procedure is applied for separation of pectin in  this part of present work, as followed in part 1.2.2.the  observations are tabulated in table 2 pictorial  details output of process are depicted in fig 3. Table no 2: Experimental observations of  comparison of yield of pectin from the dry cake  residue left after simple distillation and leaching  where Ypec (%) is the extracted pectin yield in per cent (%), P is the amount of dry pectin in g and Bi is the initial amount of orange peel in gram. Results and discussion: The maximum yield of pectin is obtained at   extraction medium pH of 1. However negligible yield  is obtained at pH of 4 and 5 as can be seen from  graph plotted between pectin yield % obtained for  various values of pH of medium as shown in fig 2. JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09 Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Result and discussion: The yield of pectin obtained is highest in turbid  extract, but this might be due to some suspended  impurities present in the extract. The maximum  overall yield of the pectin is obtained from orange  peel residue sample through simple distillation. Therefore, in the process of orange oil and pectin  extraction from orange peel, it is recommended on  basis of results obtained, that to first extract oil using  simple distillation and then isolate pectin with acid  hydrolysis technique. 1.3 CONCLUSION Nagpur region is well known in central Asia as  largest orange producing region. It is also known as  the California of India, producing excellent quality  oranges in large number. Though it has great  production of oranges, the downstream processing  and value added product manufacturing technology is  not yet developed. The present work is dedicated for E-ISSN0976-7916 the development of the part of the process technology  needed for the extraction of value added products i.e.  orange oil and pectin from orange peel, which is the  waste of orange juice processing industry. The  present work revealed that the sweet orange peels are  good source of orange oil and pectin and does have  the potential to become important raw material for  food processing industries. It is found from the  experimentation that the peel source, for extraction of  pectin, when taken after extracting orange oil through  simple distillation gives higher yield than leaching  residue. So it can be concluded that the process in  which orange oil is first extracted using technique of  simple distillation followed by acid extraction of  pectin is most suitable for industrial production. These results demonstrate the successful extraction of  orange oil and pectin, providing potential benefits for  industrial extraction of pectin from an economic and  environmental point of view. Fig no 3: Pictorial presentation of the process for comparison of yield of pectin from the dry cake residue left after simple distillation and leaching Amboni. (2009). optimisation of pectin acid extraction REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. Martà ­n M.A, Siles J.A.1, El Bari H, Chica A. F, Università © Ibn Tofail. Facultà © dos Sciences. Kenitra (Maroc) .(2008). Orange Peel: Organic Waste or Energetic Resource? Tobias I. Ndubuisi Ezejiofor, N. V. Eke, R. I. Okechukwu, R. N. Nwoguikpe and C. M. Duru. (2011) Waste to wealth: Industrial raw materials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(33), pp. 6257-6264. Gorden P. Gerow, Davenport, Fla.(1982). Method Of Distilling A Volatile Constituent From Liquid Mixture. United States Patent, 4,326,926. Erika Kliemann, Karina Nunes de Simas, Edna R. Amante, Elane Schwinden Prudeˆncio, Reinaldo F. Teo ´ filo, Ma ´ rcia M. C. Ferreira Renata D. M. C. JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09 5. 6. 7. from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa) using response surface methodology. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 44, 476–483. Nwobi BE, Ofoegbu O O B Adesina. (2006). Extraction And Qualitative Assessment Of African Sweet Orange Seed Oil. African Journal of food agriculture nutrition and development. Vol. 6 ISSN 1684-5374. S. Yeoh, J. Shi, T.A.G. Langrish. (2008). Comparisons between different techniques for water-based extraction of pectin from orange peels. Elsevier, Desalination 218, 229–237. Weerachai Phutdhawong, Rungthip Kawaree, Samart Sanjaiya, Waya Sengpracha Duang Buddhasukh.(2007). Microwave-Assisted Isolation of Essential oil of innamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl.: Journal of Engineering Research and Studies Comparison with Conventional Hydrodistillation. Molecules ISSN 1420-3049 8. Zheng Jie, Yang Ting, Wu Qiang, Li Jing, Wang YaNa. (2009). Microwave-assisted Extraction of Pectin from Orange Peel. Vol. 30, No. 20, p. 134-137. 9. P.Y. Tang, C.J. Wong and K.K. Woo. (2011). Optimization of Pectin Extraction from Peel of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, ISSN 1996-3351, Knowledgia Review, Malaysia, 4 (2): 189-195. 10. P. G. Crandall, R. J. Braddock, and A. H. Rouse. (1978). Determining The Yield And Quality Of Pectin From Fresh Peel And Pectin Pomace. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 91:109-111. 11. Takuo Sakai Minoru Okushima. (1998). Microbial Production of Pectin from Citrus Peel.Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 39, No. 4, p. 908912. 12. Harshal Makode (2012).Project report submitted for B Tech to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University,Nagpur. JERS/Vol. III/ Issue II/April-June, 2012/06-09 E-ISSN0976-7916

Paul Cezanne Essay -- essays research papers

PAUL CÉZANNE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Post Impressionism, as the name would suggest, is the art movement that directly followed Impressionism. One artist, who led the Post Impressionism movement, was French artist, Paul Cà ©zanne. Much of his early work was pure Impressionism and, although he was introduced to the style and guided by Camille Pissarro, Cà ©zanne's works showed a distinctive uniqueness. Cà ©zanne broke away from Impressionism because of the lack of composition; he felt the desire to depict subjects in the third dimension as well as appearing flat. Cà ©zanne did not agree with the Impressionistic trait of portraying the world through light, instead, he built up images by a generous use of colour. Cà ©zanne would distort objects and his works would often consist of numerous viewpoints on the one canvas. Cà ©zanne worked with and was greatly influenced by other Impressionists he associated with, including Degas, Monet, Pissarro and Renoir. It was Pissarro who guided Cà ©zanne and convinced him to break up the colour and use shorter brush strokes when painting; among Cà ©zanne's friends, Pissorro was the only one patient enough to teach him. Cà ©zanne also admired Romantic painter, Eugà ¨ne Delacroix, who used colour instead of lines to define objects; this inspired him to endeavour his quest for composition using colour alone. Many aspects of Cà ©zanne's early works can be traced back to the compositions of Delacroix's works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &n...

Reservation System

Introduction Many systems used an automation process like using computer system, due to effiency and accuracy. Hotel Reservation is a transaction processing system,In this system there are more advantages rather tha a manual Hotel Reservation. The Cattleya Garden Villas started without any plan at all. The owner, Ms. Imelda S. Torres has only a free vacant lot and shejust want to make it productive. She got the idea from her friends and relatives in United States where they are coming over here in the Philippines for a vacation, but they’re house is too small for them so they decided to build a villa to have privacy, take a rest and feel the comfort like they’re in the other country. Another reason is that it is much more of the accessibility wherein the place is located only in Guagua, so visitors in town or the balikbayans can go in this place right away. The mission of the Cattleya Garden Villas is to be able to give a place to the Balikbayans where they can stay longer and feel relax with the ambiance of the garden villa that is not offered with the other hotels. The vision of Cattleya Garden Villas is to give a quality and comfort of the rooms, courteous services, and friendly atmosphere and great service to the customers where they can be proud of. They have a Standard Room for 2 persons only and a 4 rooms, a Villa has 2 rooms for 4 persons and they are building a barkada room 8 persons they have also a Function Hall for any events like wedding, debut, baptism, birthday etc. and if they want to have food catering they will provide for it. The rooms are completely furnished and it is centralized, they have dining table, comfort room, kitchen where you customers can surely rest and it has a free breakfast and it has a Wi-Fi zone. The procedure of the current system of Cattleya Garden Villas is manually getting the information from t he clients or customers; they entertain reservations through phone calls, the payment is 50% deposit and the other half is paid on the day of the event thru cash or credit card. Statement of the Problem The proposed Website and Online Reservation System for Cattleya Garden Villas aims to answer the following problems. General Problem The study aims to develop a â€Å"Website and Online Reservation System for Cattleya Garden Villas † that will provide more advantages and reliability for the user and make it more efficient and secure. Specific Problem How will the researchers manage and secure the guests information, sales report, and customers payments? How will the proponents search and retrieve files for reservation like room information and other amenities? How will the proponents improve the existing billing system to make it more responsive to customer’s need? How will the proponents handle the inconviences brought about by the manual process of accepting customers reservation? Objective of the Study This study aims to solve the problems encountered and to improve the current reservation system. General Objective The study intends to develop a â€Å"Website and Online Reservation System for Cattleya Garden Villas † that will provide faster, efficient and responsive for the user. Specific Objective To limit the number of the users that can operate the proposed system with username and password. To provide a Quick Summary Reports shows the details about total sales figure of the month. To provide a system that will automatically compute for the reservations accounts of the guests. To develop a system that will easily search and retrieve files like room information and amenities. To provide a billing statement that can print the customer’s transactions. Reservation System COMPUTERIZED RESERVATION SYSTEM (RACE TO 3 BILLIARD BAR AND RESTAURANT) II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to develop the existing system to computerized reservation system. And also to know what is more effective system for reserving services in the company such as Food reserving, Tables and chairs reserving, and Function room reserving, between proposed computerized reservation system and exist manual system. The objective of the study is the assertion statement of the problem with the general objectives and specific objectives desired outcome of the research process.General Objective The general objective of the study is to develop the existing system to proposed computerize reservation system in able to help customers of reserving foods, tables, and function to the company. As well as to help the manufacturer to manage all the records of the company. Specific Objective These are the following objectives that the researcher would like to achieve. * To analyze the proposed computerized reservation system and exist manual system. * To identify the weakness of the two system. To identify the uses of the proposed system. * To be able to make the process of reserving services get easier. * To be able to lessen time consumed in manual system. III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The existing system of the restaurant has not so develop to use, that’s why we proposed computerized system for the different reservations of restaurant bar, RACE TO 3 BILLIARD BAR AND RESTAURANT, to be able to build up the function of the restaurant among all the customers. But the purpose of the roposed system is to answer the following questions: 1. What will be the benefits of the proposed system compare to the existing system? 2. What are the purposes of the proposed system for the company? 3. How to use the proposed system in able to develop the existing system. 4. Would it affect the investment or the funds of the restaurant if the proposed system is implemente d? 5. What are the advantages of the proposed system? 6. What are the disadvantages of the proposed system? 7. How the proposed system flows?

Monopoly term paper Essay

Monopoly is a market structure containing a single firm that produces a unique good with no close substitutes. It controls supply of a good or service. It is where the entry of new producers is prevented or highly restricted. According to the Business Dictionary, monopolist firms keep the price high and restrict the output, and show little or no responsiveness to the needs of their customers. Most governments try to control monopolies by imposing price controls, taking over their ownership (nationalization), or breaking them up into two or more competing firms. Monopolies exist in varying degrees (degrees (due to copyrights, patents, access to materials, exclusive technologies, or unfair trade practices) almost no firm has a complete monopoly in the era of globalization. So we can see the problem of monopoly is that it can set a higher price than marginal cost. The fact that a monopoly does not face the discipline of competition means that the monopoly may operate inefficiently without being corrected by the marketplace. An example for monopoly might be Comcast. If Comcast were the only cable television provider in your area. If you want cable, you have no choice but to go to Comcast. And because of this, they can charge any price they want. Other local electric power company, campus bookstore or local telephone service might be local monopolies as well. George J. Stigler, director of the Center for the Study of The Economy and the state, professor of economics at the University of Chicago states that a monopoly is free to set any price it chooses and will usually set the price that yields the largest possible profit. There are three problems that often associated with a market controlled totally by a single firm such as inefficiency, inequity and political abuse (AmosWEB Encyclonomic). Inefficiency is the most noted problem in monopoly. A monopoly charges a higher price and produces less output than perfect competition. Also, the price charged by the monopoly is always greater than the marginal cost of production. Income inequality is another problem of monopoly. Monopoly earns economic profit, consumer surplus is transferred from buyers to the monopoly. So buyers end up with less income, and the monopoly ends up with more. Monopoly is able to maintain single-seller status and market control, income continues to be transferred from buyers to the monopoly and to the monopoly resource owners.

How Computer Have Changed Our Lives Essay Example

How Computer Have Changed Our Lives Essay Example How Computer Have Changed Our Lives Paper How Computer Have Changed Our Lives Paper Information Technology Majors in High Demand Overseas: How Computer Technology Have Changed Our Lives? 1. INTRODUCTION The 21st century is the age of computer technology and it has brought about a fundamental change in every facet of our life. It has largely influenced the way we communicate and the way information exchange is facilitated in todays world. An emergent phenomenon that is a byproduct of advances in computer networking technology is the Internet. It has truly transformed the world into a global village, with every part of the world linked to its vast network. This happened out of the evolution of the field of information technology (IT), which harnesses the power provided by computer technology so, why is it Information Technology is in demand not only in our country and how does it affects our lives? 1. 1. Background of Information Technology: In the era of 1960s and 1970s, information technology was limited to people working in the banking sector, mathematical engineers and computer scientists. In 1980s, the arrival of personal computers made it possible to be used in many more sectors and gave rise to a surge in the field of information technology. Previously, for the purpose of business, storage tapes were created by a single network administrator to interconnect employee workstations. The information stored in this workstation was placed in a server farm, located far off from the industry. However, now people have started communicating, using e-mails instead of snail-mails. It is an industry which deals with the usage of computer hardware and software and networking. Information technology has accomplished a lot in the 21st century. IT is a combination of computer and communication technology and a transfer of information from one peer to another. The backstory of information technology precedes the invention of the computer. The abacus, used by Asians, Egyptians, Romans, and the Greek can be termed a source of information technology. Calculators, the first mechanical one built by German polymath Wilhelm Schickard, or the slide rule, developed in 1622 by William Oughtred, also comes under the heading of information technology. Another example would be punch card machines, expanded upon by IBM in the early to mid 1900s, qualifies the term information technology. As time progress along with the advances of inventions and applied knowledge, computing took shape and became useful in a variety of ways other than calculations. Computer science became an academic specialty, creating computer science departments and classes. As these classes took shape, separate branches of computer science became distinct areas of study. Today, Information Technology departments use computers, data centers, servers, database management system, specialized software applications and more, managed by system and database administrators, an Information Technology Manager and other department heads, including a Chief Information Officer (CIO). Even though information technology has a long reach into history, only recently has it been associated with the use of computers. 1. 2. Definition of Information Technology: When the terminology information technology is used, mistakenly it describes the entire industry. Information technology basically refers to the employment of computer hardware and software applications to manage data. The term information technology evolved in the 1970s and if we consider a medium or large company providing goods or services, its information technology department will be responsible for storing, protecting, processing, retrieving and transmitting the information (Information Technology Association of America or ITAA). Information, meaning processed form of raw data, is something to be valued with your life in todays world. A person possessing right kind of information and using it at the right time, can surely work wonders. From the credit card numbers which we use for shopping, to the confidential bank account details, everything is stored in the form of binary digits in computers. These details can be used or misused depending on what kind of people have authorized or unauthorized access to it. With the help of information technology and our increasing dependency on machines, our life has become far easier, but we are more vulnerable now than before. Information Technology (IT) is a wide and varied sector, and is represented in some form in almost all the industries. It is a blend of computers and communication technology where IT professionals perform variety of duties, ranging from development and installation of applications to designing complex computer networks and databases. The information technology industry consists of computers, communication mediums, peripherals, electronics-related organizations, softwares and services. Usage of information technology for the completion of tasks in any organization, speeds up the processing and information mobility, and also improves the reliability and integrity of information. Information technology, while stirring thoughts and visions of networks, the Internet, server rooms, racks of switches and routers, and advanced terms including VoIP, TCP/IP addressing, security and more, the technology doesnt necessarily refer only to computer related issues. Any medium or channel that stores and processes information enters the category of information technology. The brain is an information processor, working to process and manage information that controls our every movement, body functions, and habits. Whichever procedure or attempt to communicate, store and manage information as well as utilize and administer the data will fall under the classification. 1. 3. Components of IT: * Computers: Computers are very important in order to store and process data. Depending on the size, cost and processing ability, computers are divided into four categories. They are mainframes, supercomputer, minicomputers and microcomputers (desktops or personal computers). Servers: A server is a combination of hardware and software, and is used to provide services to the client computers. These services generally include storage and retrieval of information. A standalone computer can also act as a server, provided its running on server operating system. * Database Management Systems (DBMS): Database Management System is basically a set of software programs which ma nages the storage and retrieval and organizes the information in a computer. This information is in the form of a database and is managed with the help of software. The DBMS accepts requests from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. There are various departments to monitor the flow of information, which include System Administrators, IT Managers, Database Administrators and Chief Information Officers (CIOs). * Networking: A computer network is a collection of computers and peripherals connected to each other through different modes. These modes can be wired or wireless. The network allows computers to communicate with each other (share information and resources like printers, scanners, etc. ). Network Security and Cryptography: Network security is one of the most important aspects of information technology. It consists of all the provisions made in an underlying computer network, in order to prevent unauthorized usage of information. It also includes implementing the policies adopted by the government and the applicable cyber laws. It is also helpful in providing protection from computer ha cking at the cyber boundaries of an organization. The cost of transmitting information has fallen dramatically, and according to a study, the cost of transfer of one trillion bits of information from Boston to Los Angeles has come down from a whopping $150,000 in 1970 to merely 12 cents today. With the help of internet technology, emailing a document of 40 pages from Chile to Kenya costs less than 10 cents, which is nothing as compared to the faxing price of $10 or sending it by courier for $50. Hence, it can be clearly seen that there are many advantages of information technology and it has drastically decreased the cost of information transfer. It has also increased the efficiency of employees in all organizations, allowing them to focus on core competencies rather than the technological issues. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Using a computer to write about computers is like searching for ‘Google’ on Google! Computer technology is so much a part of our lives, that we cannot imagine a life without it. Computers serve as efficient data storage systems and excellent information processors. They can store, organize and manage huge amounts of data. Moreover, they operate on incomparable speeds, thus saving human time and effort to a large extent. True, they are an integral part of our lives. It is said that inventions change the way we live. Computer technology is a classic example of this adage. It has indeed changed our way of living. . 1 Made IT in demand abroad: Information Technology or IT departments for some of the largest corporations in the world, in an effort to keep up with increased demand for database administrators, computer support specialists, computer scientists, computer engineers and systems analysts, have recently started recruiting graduating IT degree students from top tier u niversities. The shift toward finding qualified personnel prior to graduation is a stark departure from years past when IT gurus were competing for the few available positions that werent outsourced to overseas companies or individuals. Outsourcing has again become a major concern for corporations, not because of increased profits or savings, but because of the lack of IT personnel available in the U. S. and in some countries. In fact, the U. S Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that 8 of the 10 fastest growing occupations between now and 2010 will be computer related. This sudden shift in employment opportunities has led to high demand for IT degree program graduates especially abroad. After a period in which IT was considered a poor career choice following the tech stock fallout of the mid to late nineties and massive job cuts for major IT employers, those graduates are now harder and harder to find. Many corporations have relegated customer support operations to overseas companies while returning their database administrators and network support specialist positions to the U. S and some foreign countries. As security concerns over data theft and system security has become more prominent as of late, many of these positions are returning to these shores as well. The impact this is having on job availability for recent grads can only be described as positive. Enrollment numbers for IT degree programs are on the rise as well, which is a good sign that many are taking note of the current employment market for IT specialists. With the turnaround in IT employment coinciding with an increase in enrollment, many industry analysts are predicting that current shortages will be met over the next several years. In the meantime, many companies are choosing to restructure their existing IT departments to avoid outsourcing jobs overseas that will be temporary at best. For those who are currently grappling with the lack of qualified and well trained IT personnel, it is less a question of if supply will ever meet demand, but when. 2. 1. 1. In demand IT jobs abroad: *Software Developers and Engineers Software developers and engineers perform the important task of developing new software to fulfill the need of the clients of their company. They work hard to create new software for clients in fields such as banking, insurance, financial services, and information technology and telecoms services. Software developers work in teams and report their work to their departmental heads. They work in large IT parks and software development centers of IT majors. A graduation or post graduate degree in computer science or a degree in software engineering can land you a job as a software developer. Software developer salary and software engineer salary can be anything between $55,000 to $150,000 per year depending on their experience. These jobs are always at the top of the computer careers and salaries list. You should also be aware of the application developer job description which involves conversion of software requirements into coding and then the actual execution of programs. System analyst job description, which includes providing solutions for business efficiency and productivity, is challenging and this makes it one of the most sought after IT jobs. On the other hand, the web developer job description consists of managing all the aspects of clients web based systems and databases *Software Testing Professionals The job of a software tester is to check whether the quality of the prepared software is up to the mark and that it is functioning well. He detects the faults in the software and suggests corrections and solutions to rectify the same. Software testers are employed by large as well as mid-sized software companies to do the software testing jobs in a team. A graduation degree in information technology followed by a course in software testing can get you a job as a software tester. Salaries for these professionals vary as per their location and kind of employer. The quality analyst job description involves checking of new as well as old programs for their durability and relevance. *Programmers Among the different IT fields or different IT jobs, the job of a programmer is considered to be a prestigious one. Software programmers prepare programs for fast computation and solving numerical problems effectively. A programmer should have knowledge of the computer programming languages such as C, C++, Java, etc. They can find placements in many multi-national organizations and local software companies and can earn between $40,000 to $100,000 per year. This is surely amongst the different IT careers in demand. Computer programming careers have created ample job opportunities in the US in the past few years. Software development for external clients is a part of the programmer analyst job description. Since it is an important responsibility, the programmer analyst salary is quite good and is in the range of $45,000 to $70,000 per year. *Technical Writers Among the different IT jobs, career prospects for technical writers are believed to be the best. Technical writers are being hired in plenty in the information technology sector due to their expertise in writing down useful information about different kinds of software and preparing manuals and user guides along with online help solutions. An educational background in computer science and software with a course in technical writing from a recognized institute can help you in getting the best technical writing jobs. Having a knowledge of technical writer job description is essential for all budding technical writers. Technical writer can earn around $35,000 to $45,000 in the beginning and in excess of $60,000 per year after five years of experience. In a recent survey, this was regarded as one of the best careers in information technology. *IT Lecturers The job of an IT lecturer also features in the list of different careers and jobs. IT lecturers teach information technology subjects to students in high school, college and universities. They also get the opportunity to teach students in private coaching centers where the pay packages are quite lucrative. To become an IT lecturer, you need to have educational qualifications in the fields of software engineering, computer science and a love for teaching. IT lecturers can earn anything between $45,000 to $100,000 per year depending on their post and experience. *IT Director The job of an IT director is the best of all in the different IT jobs. An IT director job description includes supervising the work done by all IT employees in the organization and looking after the daily operations of the organization. He sees to it that the clients of the company are satisfied and gives suggestions and tips to his juniors for improving their performance. Several years of work experience in the IT field along with a degree in IT is what it takes to become an IT director. They can earn handsome salaries between $80,000 to $160,000 per year. As important as this post is the one of chief information officer of a company. The CIO job description includes developing, executing, and managing computing and information technology strategies of the company. The chief information officer job description can slightly change from one organization to another. *Networking and Technician Jobs in IT Network administrators and database managers also get work in IT firms depending on their capabilities to handle daily operations. Network administrator job description includes planning the network of computers in a systematic way for efficient daily use. IT technicians also have openings in the information technology sector. The computer technician job description mainly involves troubleshooting problems and maintenance of systems in IT offices. Computer technician salary largely depends on your skills, on an average it is between $40,000 to $65,000 per year. *Software Engineers With a bachelors degree in computer science and deep interest in programming, one can get a lateral entry into this career. For senior position in programming field, one requires a masters degree. Just studying computer science is not enough. One must have a flair for programming and must be good at coding, application modules and locating errors in coding programs. In the initial years, the pay scale for junior software engineers would be between US$50,000 to US$70,000, though it may vary depending on several factors. *Database Administrator Maintaining and managing databases of firms and business enterprises has led to the development of database administrator careers. Database administrators are known as DBAs and they design databases, conduct security checks, implement database designs and are actively involved in safeguarding the threat to a firms data security. A bachelors degree in computer science is necessary. In case of certifications and other diplomas, relevant years of work experience are important. The yearly income of database administrators is near about US$50,000 to US$85,000. *System Administrator Good technical skills and knowledge about Local Area Network (LAN) and awareness about the integration of software and hardware with the entire network system are some of the tasks of a system administrator. If you read the system administrator job description, youll know that system administrators must have good knowledge about Linux, Windows and several OS. *System administrators Also look after the maintenance and up gradation of computer systems, hardware and software, if required. Being aware of information infrastructure design in IT is always helpful for system administrators to understand intricacies of computer systems. The system administrator can earn anywhere between US$42,000 to US$65,000. *Web Developers Web developing and web designing are some of the top careers in demand. The need for skilled web designers and web developers has grown since the last ten years. Every firm or e-commerce website that you see on the Internet has been developed by web developers and this field has expanded significantly. Knowledge about XML, HTML and other programming languages is essential to know more about web designing. The web designer salary can be anywhere between US$31,000 to US$50,000. The web developer salary is between US$40,00 to US$65,000. *IT Consulting Jobs As business enterprises have entered in the manufacturing and development areas, the dire need for expert researchers to chalk a strategy for them, to make intelligent decisions, analyze requirements, help in system selection and work for several improvement services for the firm has become important. By handing your projects to an expert IT team, you can focus your attention to the other departments of your firm. IT consulting jobs have become one of the most sought after careers by IT professionals who have years of work experience. The annual income of IT consultants depends on several factors, mostly work experience. Salaries are very high, in case youre a senior consultant. Fresher can expect to earn around US$60,000 as the base salary. With work experience (and high educational degrees), they can even earn around US$100,000 to US$300,000. A career in information technology is rewarding and is certainly an opportunity to make money. Even in IT marketing field, there are several opportunities to work. This was all about some of the top IT careers in demand. If an individual has interest in this area, he can certainly make a good career. 2. 2. The importance of IT: For many years after 1960, when the third generation computers were created, desktops remained to be popular for personal and business use. Research in computer technology continued, giving rise to the development of laptops, palmtops, miniature tablet PCs and PDAs. As we see today, they serve as ‘personal digital assistants’ in the literal sense of the term! Their small size endows them with portability, thus adding to user convenience. As they can be operated on batteries, they provide computer users with mobile computing capabilities. How has this affected our lives? Well, we can remain connected to the world at all times. Work is no more location-dependent! Computer operating systems are a vital component of the computer technology. They help in the management of a variety of computer operations and in the sharing of computer resources. They handle the scheduling and execution of computer programs, help in the management of files and handle interrupts. They manage multiple user profiles and user accounts, thus playing a major role in maintaining computer security. Certain types of operating systems offer distributed processing capabilities and support multitasking and multi-user operations. The most important role of an operating system is to provide the users with an interactive interface. They have made the interaction with computers, a user-friendly experience and made it easy for the common man to make friends with the computer technology. Computers, as we all know, can perform complex mathematical operations and process large amounts of information. Thanks to their computational powers, long and complex calculations can be performed within seconds. They can be programmed to execute complex instruction sequences through the use of programming languages. That reminds me of the software industry, one of the most progressive industries of the world. Computer technology gave rise to this industry and changed the face of the world. The multimedia capabilities possessed by the computers make them one of the ideal audio-visual media. They can be made to play movies and music. They offer support to a variety of storage media like CDs, DVDs, floppy disks and USB drives. Computer hard disks are also capable of storing and playing audio and video. And how has this affected our lives? Well, it is due to these storage and audio-visual media, that we can maintain soft-copies of data. Gone are the days, when we used to document on paper! Gone are the days when students maintained traditional notebooks. Many of them possess notebook computers today. Today’s education is about PowerPoint presentations and e-homework assignments. TVs and radios were once, the only means of entertainment, but not any more. Today’s entertainment is about the computer and Internet technology! Perhaps, one of the major advantages of the computer technology is its ability to provide us with Internet access. Computers possess networking capabilities, which makes it possible to connect multiple computers and achieve an exchange of information between them. Network communication is possible, thanks to the networking features offered by the computer technology. 2. 2. 1. The importance of IT in Businesses: There are many businesses which are in need of the software packages for satisfying their operational as well as functional needs. For fulfilling this requirement, these companies sign deals with the software manufacturing companies. Information technology is useful in ensuring the smooth functioning of all the departments in a company such as the human resource department, finance department, manufacturing department and also in security related purposes. With the help of information technology, the companies in the automobile manufacturing sector are able to get rid of any sort of errors or mistakes in the proper functioning of the tools used for designing and manufacturing purposes. Due to the development of the information technology sector, the companies are being able to keep themselves aware of the changes in the global markets. Read more on IT jobs. The software applications and the hardware devices are known to be the main elements of the use of information technology. The web browsers, the operating systems, ERPs and special purpose applications are the software which are used in information technology. Information technology plays an important role in easily solving the mathematical problems and also in the project management system. Information technology has a great use in the automated production of sensitive information, automated up gradation of the important business processes and the automated streamlining of the various business processes. It has also played an important role in the areas of communication and automated administration of entire systems. 2. 2. 2. The importance of IT in Education: Importance of information technology in educational sector is well known. Information technology helps the students as well as the teachers in studying the course material easily because of fast access. Studying the subjects with the help of online libraries and dictionaries has made grasping and increasing the knowledge easy for the students. The inclusion of information technology in the syllabus in schools, colleges and universities has helped them in grasping the subject well and getting their basics cleared. Since, many educational centers have the online grading system; it has been a boon for the parents of the children to keep a tab on their performances. Parents can also get the details of the attendance record of their child in schools These were some of the important effects of computer technology on our lives. The list can go on. However, the very fact that you are on a computer reading about the effects of computer technology, which I have typed into a computer, speaks a lot about the effects of computer technology on our lives. Don’t you think so? 2. 3. The advantages of IT: The advantages of information technology are many. True globalization has come about only via this automated system. The creation of one interdependent system helps us to share information and end linguistic barriers across the continents. The collapse of geographic boundaries has made the world a global village. The technology has not only made communication cheaper, but also possible much quicker and 247. The wonders of text messages email and auto-response, backed by computer security applications, have opened up scope for direct communication. Computerized, internet business processes have made many businesses turn to the Internet for increased productivity, greater profitability, clutter free working conditions and global clientele. It is mainly due to the IT industry that people from diverse cultures are able to personally communicate and exchange valuable ideas. This has greatly reduced prejudice and increased sensitivity. Businesses are able to operate 247, even from remote locations. Information technology has rippled on in the form of a Communication Revolution. Specialists in this field like programmers, analyzers and developers are able to further the applications and improve business processes simultaneously. The management infrastructure thus generated defies all boundaries. Among the many advantages of the industry are technical support post-implementation, network and individual desktop management, dedicated business applications and strategic planning for enhanced profitability and effective project management. IT provides a number of low-cost business options to tap higher productivity with dedicated small business CRM and a special category for the larger operations. Regular upgrades have enabled many businessmen to increase productivity and identify a market niche that would never have been possible without the connectivity. With every subsequent increase in the ROI or Return On Investment, businesses are able to remain buoyant even amidst the economic recession. Not only do people connect faster with the help of information technology, but they are also able to identify like-minded individuals and extend help, while strengthening ties. This segment revolves around automated processes that require little or no human intervention at all. This in turn has minimized job stress levels at the work place and eliminated repetition of tasks, loss due to human error, risks involved due to negligence of timely upgrades and extensive paper-intensive business applications that result in the accumulation of unnecessary bulk. The sophistication of the modern work stations and general working conditions is possible only due to the development of Information Technology.