AIS-MACA- Z: MACA based Clonal Classifier for Splicing Site

AIS-MACA- Z: MACA based Clonal Classifier for Splicing Site AIS-MACA- Z: MACA based Clonal Classifier for Splicing Site, Protein Coding and Promoter Region Identification in Eukaryotes Pokkuluri Kiran Sree, Inampudi Ramesh Babu, SSSN Usha Devi N   Abstract Bioinformatics incorporates information regarding biological data storage, accessing mechanisms and presentation of characteristics within this data. Most of the problems in bioinformatics and be addressed efficiently by computer techniques. This paper aims at building a classifier based on Multiple Attractor Cellular Automata (MACA) which uses fuzzy logic with version Z to predict splicing site, protein coding and promoter region identification in eukaryotes. It is strengthened with an artificial immune system technique (AIS), Clonal algorithm for choosing rules of best fitness. The proposed classifier can handle DNA sequences of lengths 54,108,162,252,354. This classifier gives the exact boundaries of both protein and promoter regions with an average accuracy of 90.6%. This classifier can predict the splicing site with 97% accuracy. This classifier was tested with 1, 97,000 data components which were taken from Fickett Toung, EPDnew, and other sequences from a renowned medical uni versity. Key Words: MACA(Multiple Attractor Cellular Automata) , CA(Cellular Automata) ,AIS( Artificial Immune System) ,Clonal Algorithm, AIS-MACA-Z(Artificial Immune System- Multiple Attractor Cellular Automata-Version Z). Introduction In recent years, study of Cellular Automata (CA) as a potential modeling tool has gained importance. Some researchers and scientists have used CA in image processing, data compression, pattern recognition, encryption, VLSI design and language recognition. Cellular Automata (CA) is a computing model which provides a good platform for performing complex computations with the available local information. CA is portrayed by local interconnectivity of cells in the network/grid. The interactions/communications between the cells are pulley local. Each cell is permitted to interact with its neighboring cells only. Further, the interconnection links typically convey just a little measure of data. No cell in the entire network will have the global view. These characteristics of CA attracted us to propose a classifier which can be very much useful for solving many problems in bioinformatics with the existing frame work. Artificial Immune System is a novel computational intelligence technique with features like distributed computing, fault /error tolerance, dynamic learning, adaption to the frame work, self monitoring, non uniformity and several features of natural immune systems. AIS take its motivation from the standard immune system of the body to propose novel computing tools for addressing many problems in wide domain areas. These features of AIS are used in the thesis to strengthen the proposed CA classifier Literature Survey Vitoantonio Bevilacqu[1] at el. tried to provide theoretical foundations for solving some problems in bioinformatics using artificial immune system like multiple sequence alignment problem and protein structure prediction. Hybrid immune algorithm was proposed for addressing multiple sequence alignment problems. Some open problems in bioinformatics are discussed and authors tried to create insight for applying AIS in bioinformatics. Shane Dixon at al has proposed Bioinformatics data mining was proposed with AIS and Neural Network. Variations in the real valued negative selection algorithm and multi layer feed forward neural network model are discussed in detail. Niloy Ganguly[2] at al has made a survey on cellular automata which say CA uses the local information and performs complex computations. Authors gave a brief discussion on the types of Cellular Automata. Niloy Ganguly at al has also proposed theoretical concept of proposing CA for pattern classification which can be applied for low cost VLSI implementation. This classifier is capable of accommodating noise based on distance metric also. Palsh Sarkar [3]also have given a brief history of cellular automata regarding the way for creating CA games like game of life and firing squad problem and creating local CA rules for specific problems. Pradipta Maji[4] at al has proposed the error correcting capability of cellular automata based on associative memory. The desired CA is evolved with formulation of simulated annealing program. X.Xiao[6] at al has used CA to generate image representation for biological sequencs. The research is amide to improve the quality of predicting protein attribut es such as structural class and sub cellular location. Adriana Popovici at al has successful applied CA in image processing. Parallelism in CA is used to remove the noise and detection of boarders in digital images. Jesus P. Mena-Chalco[5] at al has used Modified Gabor-Wavelet Transform for addressing this issue. In this connection, numerous coding DNA model-free systems dependent upon the event of particular examples of nucleotides at coding areas have been proposed. Regardless, these techniques have not been totally suitable because of their reliance on an observationally predefined window length needed for a nearby dissection of a DNA locale. Authors present a strategy dependent upon a changed Gabor-wavelet transform for the ID of protein coding areas. This novel convert is tuned to examine intermittent sign parts and presents the focal point of being free of the window length. We contrasted the execution of the MGWT and different strategies by utilizing eukaryote information sets. The effects indicate that MGWT beats all evaluated model-autonomous strategies regarding ID exactness. These effects demonstrate that the wellspring of in any event some piece of the ID lapses handled by the past s ystems is the altered working scale. The new system stays away from this wellspring of blunders as well as makes an instrument accessible for point by point investigation of the nucleotide event Changchuan Yin[6] at el has proposed a strategy to foresee protein coding areas is produced which is dependent upon the way that the vast majority of exon arrangements have a 3-base periodicity, while intron groupings dont have this interesting characteristic. The technique registers the 3-base periodicity and the foundation clamor of the stepwise DNA sections of the target DNA groupings utilizing nucleotide circulations as a part of the three codon positions of the DNA successions. Exon and intron successions might be recognized from patterns of the degree of the 3-base periodicity to the foundation commotion in the DNA groupings. Design of AIS-MACA-Z The general design of AIS-MACA-Z is indicated in the figure 1. Input to AIS-MACA-Z algorithm and its variations will be DNA sequence and Amino Acid sequences. Input processing unit will process sequences three at a time as three neighborhood cellular automata is considered for processing DNA sequences. The rule generator will transform the complemented and non complemented rules in the form of matrix, so that we can apply the rules to the corresponding sequence positions very easily. AIS-MACA-Z basins are calculated as per the instructions of proposed algorithm and an inverter tree named as AIS multiple attractor cellular automata is formed which can predict the class of the input after all iterations. Figure1: General Architecture of AIS-MACA- Z For a sample DNA sequence and fuzzy real values, the data structures AIS-MACA-Z [7,8] is shown in the figure 2. The decimal equivalent of the next state function, as defined as the rule number of the CA cell. In a 2-state 3-neighborhood CA, there are 256 distinct next state functions, among 256 rules, rule 51is represented in the following equation 1. Rule 51 : qi(t + 1) = qi(t) Equation (1) Figure2: AIS-MACA- Z data structure Experimental Results Experiments were conducted by using Fickett and Toung data [9] for predicting the protein coding regions and splicing cites. All the 21 measures reported in [9] were considered for developing the classifier. For promoter region identification human promoters from EPDnew[10]. Table 1 represents the splicing cite output. Figure 3,4,5,6 shows the prediction of promoter and protein coding regions. Table 1: Splicing Cite Output Figure3: AIS-MACA- Z Interface Identifying Protein Coding Regions Figure 4: Exons Boundary Reporting Figure 5: Coding Sequence Reporting Figure 6: Coding Sequence Probability Levels 5. Conclusion We have developed a logical classifier designed with MACA and strengthened with AIS technique that uses a fuzzy logic for predicting the slicing sites, protein and promoter regions. The accuracy of the AIS-MACA-Z classifier is considerably more when compared with the existing algorithm which is 90.6% in average. The proposed classifier can handle large data sets and sequences of various lengths. This classifier certainly provides intuition towards application of MACA to several problems in bioinformatics. 6. References Bevilacqua, Vitoantonio, Maurizio Triggiani, Vito Gallo, Isabella Cafagna, Piero Mastrorilli, and Giuseppe Ferrara. An expert system for an innovative discrimination tool of commercial table grapes. In Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications, pp. 95-102. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. Ganguly, Niloy, Biplab K. Sikdar, Andreas Deutsch, Geoffrey Canright, and P. Pal Chaudhuri. A survey on cellular automata. (2003). Sarkar, Palash, and Subhamoy Maitra. Nonlinearity bounds and constructions of resilient Boolean functions. In Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO 2000, pp. 515-532. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. Maji, Pradipta, Chandrama Shaw, Niloy Ganguly, Biplab K. Sikdar, and P. Pal Chaudhuri. Theory and application of cellular automata for pattern classification. Fundamenta Informaticae 58, no. 3 (2003): 321-354. Mena-Chalco, Jesà ºs P., Helaine Carrer, Yossi Zana, and Roberto M. Cesar. Identification of protein coding regions using the modified Gabor-wavelet transform. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, IEEE/ACM Transactions on 5, no. 2 (2008): 198-207. Yin, Changchuan, and Stephen S-T. Yau. Prediction of protein coding regions by the 3-base periodicity analysis of a DNA sequence. Journal of theoretical biology 247, no. 4 (2007): 687-694. Sree, Pokkuluri Kiran. AIS-INMACA: A Novel Integrated MACA Based Clonal Classifier for Protein Coding and Promoter Region Prediction. J Bioinfo Comp Genom 1 (2014): 1-7. Nedunuri, SSSN Usha Devi, Inampudi Ramesh Babu, and Pokkuluri Kiran Sree. An Extensive Repot on Cellular Automata Based Artificial Immune System for Strengthening Automated Protein Prediction. Advances in Biomedical Engineering Research 1, no. 3 (2013). Fickett, James W., and Chang-Shung Tung. Assessment of protein coding measures. Nucleic acids research 20, no. 24 (1992): 6441-6450. Dreos, Renà ©, Giovanna Ambrosini, Rouayda Cavin Pà ©rier, and Philipp Bucher. EPD and EPDnew, high-quality promoter resources in the next-generation sequencing era. Nucleic acids research 41, no. D1 (2013): D157-D164.

Essay --

The Ku Klux Klan has existed since the mid nineteenth century. The Klan has had periods membership numbered in the millions, whereas nowadays they do not have as much influence as in the past.What has ceased to change is the media depicting the Ku Klux Klan as a hateful group of bigots wanting to solely wipe out any non-white race. However, the media has not only surfaced many misconception but they fail to realize that the Klan is actually within US Constitutional rights. Because the Bill of Rights guarantees American citizens the freedom of speech and to peacefully assemble, the Ku Klux Klan has the right to continue their practices. With that being said, excluding some violent outburst conducted by Klan subgroups, no one has the right to stop the KKK from protesting, speaking their beliefs, or celebrating their heritage. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Ku Klux Klan was founded in May of 1866, in Pulaski, Tennessee by six veterans of the Confederate Army. The early years of the Klan's existence were focused mainly on restoring white power in the government. The Klan often spoke against Radical Republicans, the political party that most supported the rights of former slaves. At first the Klan seemed relatively harmless. But as time went on, the so called white supremacists showed how far they were willing to go to fulfill their craving for America to go back to its former ways. According to the Klan members, the only requirement for being a part of the organization is to be Christian. As they see it, America is under attack by immigrants and foreign groups. To them it seems that it isn't right for races to mix because we would all melt into one race of "brown". The highest ranked members of the KKK are said to be led by divine provide... ...portunity, and rightfully so. The KKK has given more than enough validation for why they believe that they are simply making an attempt to save the white race. Our forefathers were of the white race, and if the Klan makes the point that by not mixing races in terms of marriage would preserve American culture, it is actually a justified statement from that standpoint. Although many people, including myself, would not agree with their opinions, the Klan has the right to hold their own beliefs. The Bill of Rights will always be relevant. They were written with our citizens’ best interests in mind. It was our forefathers' responsibility to ensure that our country would always be free, even centuries after the amendments were written. The Klan, although their beliefs may not be those of the general public, have and will always have the right to preach their own opinions.

Karl Marx Essay

Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by  who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. Karl Marx did not believe in god. He was well known for his ideas about alienation. He believed everyone was born with a creative spirit, i.e. species being. Conflict is to fight or to battle, Karl Marx was the founder of conflict theory, according to sources conflict theory argues that the competition of groups and individuals for power and wealth is a fundamental process shaping the social structure. Conflict is manifested through Marx by who gets what and why, Marx argued that the labor market was shaped by class conflict. The capitalist class, which owned the means of production, promoted division of labor to maximize their profits and to disempowered workers. In sociology the word culture means the totality of learned, socially transmitted knowledge. It can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting and material objects that together shape a persons way of life. Material culture refers to physical culture artifacts, i.e. things that you can touch, cars, handbags and clothes. Non-material culture refers to artifact that exists in a culture, e.g. norms, values, religion rules,  moral language and knowledge. In sociology this is referred to several processes that a culture uses to shape its member’s members thoughts, feeling and behaviors. Abortion is considered part of non-material culture because it is an artifact that exists in cultures its something that can’t be touch. Many religions view abortion as a sin due to the fact that abortion is the termination of an early pregnancy by various methods; religions view it as the killing of a life. Others just view it as moral issues despise the legality of abortion. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus from the uterus. It can occur in two ways purposely which is the term abortion refers to or it can occur unexpectedly, which is considered a miscarriage. It is done in two ways medically in a clinic or with pills. Abortion falls into values and religion rules because many people believe it is something that shouldn’t be done because who are we to take a life away, and as I previously stated others view it as murder because a fetus is consider a life from the moment it is conceived. According to Julie Cline in the article â€Å"Teen Abortion† from the Chicago Tribute, the controversy over abortion is incredible still until this day; people against abortion are trying there best to change the fact that abortion is legal. But according to Cline others believes abortion has its benefits. Studies show teen pregnancy has gone up in the last few years and that more than 300,000 teens receive abortions, that is equal to 1/3 of the abortions performed yearly. This article states abortion should stay legal because it keeps unwanted children from coming into this world and teens from ruining their futures.

Analyze The Topic Of Motivation Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2906 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The main task of a successful manager in the working environment is to get things done through the proper organization of employees interaction. To make it happen the manager ought to motivate the staff. But its much easier to say it than to implement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyze The Topic Of Motivation Business Essay" essay for you Create order The issue of Motivation is really difficult topic both from practical and theoretical sides. It appears that despite the huge development of business psychology, the nature of motivation is still not clearly understood. Still many employees all over the world are facing inner conflicts trying to make themselves do the work which they dont want to do. Many employers trying to figure out how they can raise the effectiveness and efficiency of their teams. Nevertheless the problem remains. Moreover, the issue of poor motivation leads us to another troubles such as: Bad inner climate in the organization Low performance Conflicts in the team Increased turnover Additional expenses for motivation and team-building trainings Etc. Definitely these points altogether can make the life of any organization significantly more difficult, especially considering the current difficult economical situation. Thats why its essential to find a proper solution for this case. To under stand how motivation works, we need to figure out the human nature. Some aspects of the human nature are obvious, the other lies deep inside its core structure. And its important to always remember it on the long road of understanding the concept of effective motivation. During the observation of the revealed problem we will have to cover some of the relevant areas of psychology. Motivation has some kind of a riddle inside as its not directly linked to money or promotion. It has nothing to do with outer environment. What is really important in this case is inner motives. 1.2 Aim The primary aim of this work is to analyze the topic of motivation, observe the most important psychological factors which have an influence on employees raising or decreasing the level of motivation, and offer perspective approach of managing the motivation through creating healthy relations between managers and employees. We will also focus on different tools and instruments using which we can manage this issue as practical side is really important in this research. 1.3 Structure After the introduction we will cover the part which is dedicated to the role of psychology regarding the topic of motivation and afterwards we will observe some of the most significant psychological factors which have direct affection on the employees performance. Finally, we will summarize the most important points of this work and review them in the conclusion. The role of psychology in corporate interpersonal relations Much of motivational problems are coming from imbalanced relations in team (especially in interaction of employees and the management). Usually specialists are trying to find the roots of the poor motivation in outer factors such as salary, unsatisfying working environment and an absence of expected promotion. It appears that this approach doesnt work effectively as the problem remains to be the same both for small and for big business (despite the level of offered to empl oyees salary), both for employees who recently got promoted and for those who stocked in their career development and finally its also still actual for the companies which have lots of different HR awards for creating a perfect working condition for the staff. Consequently, we may assume that the answer lies somewhere else. In this part of the work we will observe various models and concepts of motivation systems and later we will try to evaluate and suggest some critical points on which we could base new construct of modern motivation approach. We can define motivation as the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner, 1995) and also as an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994). It is possible to define motivation as attraction to the goal and inner readiness to undertake something to achieve it. The need to understand factors which motivate and inspire employees and moreover what potentially could employers do to increase th e level of motivation, has been the primary aim of research by many scientists and still this topic has high relevance and many uncovered questions inside. There are many different points of view and models of motivation structure which were discovered by psychologists and business coaches. Now we will observe some of them. Scientific Model The concept of scientific management considers the staff as an input to the production of goods/services. This idea is based on training and development of employees instead of giving them an opportunity to choose their own goals, training methods and tasks, and the main objective is to perform the work according to the plan and developed strategy. Significant contribution to this approach was brought by Frederick Taylor. Taylor analyzed human behavior from the scientific point of view with the machine model considering people as an equivalent of mechanism. After detailed analysis of the job process, employees were trained to do only wha t was required for required result. In some sense, the main aim was to separate human variability from the working process. Taylors concept was successful and really increased production and profitability. Nevertheless, Taylors approach considered employees as machines and faced strong resistance from workers who saw this process as dehumanization. Moreover this approach also met group resistance because nobody likes to be closely monitored during the whole period of working time as it raises additional stress and frustration. Behavioral approach This approach puts emphasis on factors which motivate employees and aimed at identification and account for the influences that motivate staff. The roots of this concept are beginning from Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory which considered human basic needs in the form of a hierarchy, being ranged from lowest to the highest. Maslow was inclined to think that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the higher level needs a nd since one particular set of needs is satisfied, that kind of needs is not a motivator anymore. The needs which Maslow included in his concept are the following: Physiological needs Safety or Security Social Needs Esteem Self actualization If we take a look at Maslows hierarchy of needs, well easily see that when each group of needs is satisfied, higher need becomes primal. Here also hides another interesting point when a need is satisfied, it stops being motivating anymore. The breaking point of Abraham Maslows theory is to concentrate on evaluating the level of hierarchy the person currently has and focus on the goal of satisfying that persons needs and the higher needs. This theory of needs has been widely developed and accepted by managers all around the world. Despite the fact that this theory is easy to be practically implemented and generally simple to understand, it still doesnt have solid practical evidence of its effectiveness and moreov er there is no system to measure the efficiency of the theory after implementation. Vrooms Expectancy Theory The following concept claims that motivation stands on core values and beliefs of people and tests motives through the idea of what will happen according to the individuals expectations. It is organized around the idea that employees activity will lead to performance and consequently performance will bring us to appraisal and rewards. This theory claims that people can be motivated if they truly believe that there is a positive connection between the efforts which employees put in and their performance which afterwards leads to rewards. Finally, the reward creates an opportunity to satisfy a significant need and this desire is solid enough to make the efforts seem worthy. Vrooms theory also states that the advantage of employees motivation will depend on the structure to which they inclined to expect the results to contribute towards their needs or aims and locate th at motivation as a result of a cautious and rational calculation(Vroom, 1964). Basically, Vroom claims that the equation which explains main concept of his theory Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence possibly might be used to predict if a particular reward will be considered as a solid enough motivator for an employee or not. Porter-Lawler Expectancy theory Basically, this theory is based on the same structure as Vrooms theory and suggests that core levels of motivation are stood more on the value that employees place on the reward.  Real performance in a working process is basically organized by the invested effort and is usually affected by the employees ability to qualified performance and the perception of what the required task is all about. Porter-Lawler theory claims that performance is the most significant factor that leads us to inner and outer-oriented rewards which with the equity of employee leads to overall satisfaction. This theory demonstr ates the importance of policy of avoiding discriminatory practices in the working environment and claims that it is essential for the personnel to give equal and fair treatment to the staff. Part 2 After we have observed several theories and approaches in the first part of the work, we may state that none of them are perfect and moreover we may suggest that successful manager surely needs to apply a mix of these concepts in his attempts to organize a working process in the most effective way and motivate people really efficiently. In this part we will cover various hints and tools on which a new approach relevant to the situation can be based. One of the most important points of a new generations approach is a fact that money and promotion are main motivators. Unfortunately it is not so simple, and it doesnt equal happy staff. Definitely, money will always play an important role in motivating people and certainly serious compensation plan is extremely valuable to attracting and making stat key employees. But the answer is that additional money is not the only answer and in many different situations not the best answer. It appears that non-monetary compensation is the main value which employer is able to provide to employees nowadays. It also seems logical to highlight three major areas where emphasis should be put: Treatment, Education Development and Environment. Now, lets take a more attentive look at them. Treatment If we speak about the treatment its very important for a manager to give to employees recognition and attention. When people accomplish a task it means that they have achieved something. Recognition is some kind of appreciation for the achievement. Many managers forget about giving recognition because its not so widely developed policy in todays corporate environment. Recognition works also very well when it comes from an executive management. The secret of this tool is that it shouldnt be used neither too often nor too rare. Its also essential to manage corporate events offsite as they events empower bonding which in return strengthen team spirit, which significantly enhances positive work environment. There should be always a place for some relaxing and entertaining events in a corporate lifestyle of any organization. These events significantly help to establish friendly and positive atmosphere in team and consequently raise the level of motivation and maintain required enviro nment. Holidays and Birthday parties, sports events can help bring all employees together for a happy party time. The most successful events appear to be those which affiliated with various specific themes such as cultural theme for example, really nice ideas to base contest on. Another interesting idea which can help to create a solid motivation level is giving a chance to employees to have a time off.   Effective manager should create contests that earn time off. Employees will compete with a great enthusiasm for additional one or two hours off. And moreover theyll do it as hard as they will work for usual monetary award. When people have an opportunity to get dismissals, arrivals and additional vacation days it will motivate and inspire them. Education Development Education should be provided surely because it will be considered by the employees as an important value. For instance, individual coaching can be a solid contribution to employees development. The only price here is time. When employer invests his time in employees development it means his care and pure interest in team progress through the prism of every individual. Besides that, usual training also should not be forgotten. There is no such employer who can provide too much training. There are many employers who think that employees have already been enough trained or generally the level of employees development is high enough and only one member of the team needs training. Education processes in company should be controlled by a supervisor with provided help from specific employees who are able to demonstrate a specific strength amongst the skills list. These training sessions will continually increase the effectiveness of the performance of employees and the productivity of a business. Various seminars (outside and inside) are also can be provided. Basically, these seminars are usually efficient for many people. Different seminars can be granted for some employees in a form of a prize. Then this seminar can be recreated to the rest of the people by participants and finally the whole staff can get the knowledge nearly for free. Trainings on the topic of Stress Management also can play part in a process of motivation formation.  Many different books and articles were written on this topic. These materials can be given to employees and moreover manager should encourage them to use these materials in practice. Its also great if a company has a possibility to provide a seminar inside the organization on various stress management strategies and techniques. Its also important to give a clear understanding of a career path to employees. The staff needs to know what is waiting them potentially in the nearest future from the promotion point of view, what opportunities they have for growth. This aspect plays a really significant role in the overall motivation process of employees. Effective manager should also set visible career paths in the organization. Environment Various industry studies have shown the importance of good work environment and its significant role in motivation. Its a pleasant fact that more and more employers appreciate the meaning of proper working condition. Comfort and well-organized working conditions are very important to the emotional state which employees feel regarding the environment where people work. The office should look really nice: pictures on the walls, plantsÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± fresh paint and nice furniture will definitely make people feel much better about their working environment. Its essential to control if there is enough space for effective and comfortable working process or not. All desks should be ergonomic and of the proper size, chairs and sofas should be comfortable. Effective manager definitely should also care not only about outer environment but about the inner part too. Surely, there are many employees nearly in every organization who would like to use their chance to handle additional re sponsibility. Managers ought to identify who these people are and try to do best to match the most actual responsibilities to the employees strengths and wants. Conclusion Finally we have observed various motivation approaches, theories and whats even more important, practical guidelines which can be practically implemented in a process of raising motivation amongst employees and keeping it on a high level permanently. Effective managers need to figure out what motivates employees in the context of the roles they perform and understand the process, theories, and fundamental components of motivation concept. Despite the fact which theory is chosen, (or even the mix of them) interesting work and employee pay are important links to higher motivation. Various options such as job enlargement, job enrichment, promotions, monetary and especially non-monetary types of compensation should be taken into consideration. The secret key to effective motivating employees is to know what m otivates them and designing a motivation program based on those core needs. Successful leader who understands his teams hidden desires and forces which motivates people should permanently reflect and react on his activities re-developing and optimizing his approach. All listed earlier concepts should be kept in mind altogether because motivation is a personal thing for every individual. When employees realize that they are being treated equally and fairly, they will most probably do their best in work. Manager needs to keep in mind that employees have their own personal goals and system of motivation as much effective as much it meets these aims. Fair pay and comfortable humanized working conditions are surely essential for any organization as these criteria cover basic needs of every employee. Nevertheless, such inner factors as fulfillment at work and recognition shouldnt be forgotten as such type of a motivation helps to Motivating staff helps to make employees more devoted an d committed to the workplace. Through understanding of the effects of different motivation techniques, we are able to make work a really exciting, challenging and interesting experience for employees during creating a more productive, profitable and competitive business structure. It is important to create the proper environment to motivate and engage people through the lever of development, communication channels, solid training and fair and feedback given in a proper time. Its also very important for a manager to try to practically apply a skill of empathy and ask himself about the factors which motivate every person of the team individually. Knowing this and understanding factors which drives people can help figure out what sequence of moves should be taken in every particular case and situation. Understanding the motivations of others can give insight which will better help to understand hidden relations.